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The ability of language models to learn a task from a few examples in context has generated substantial interest. Here, we provide a perspective that situates this type of supervised few-shot learning within a much broader spectrum of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Andrew Kyle Lampinen , Stephanie C. Y. Chan , Aaditya K. Singh , Murray Shanahan

The adaptation of neural codes to the statistics of their environment is well captured by efficient coding approaches. Here we solve an inverse problem: characterizing the objective and constraint functions that efficient codes appear to be…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-02-25 Luke Rast , Jan Drugowitsch

According to the theory of efficient coding, sensory systems are adapted to represent natural scenes with high fidelity and at minimal metabolic cost. Testing this hypothesis for sensory structures performing non-linear computations on high…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-04-13 Ulisse Ferrari , Christophe Gardella , Olivier Marre , Thierry Mora

Competition between synapses arises in some forms of correlation-based plasticity. Here we propose a game theory-inspired model of synaptic interactions whose dynamics is driven by competition between synapses in their weak and strong…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2011-10-19 Ajaz Ahmad Bhat , Gaurang Mahajan , Anita Mehta

To make informed decisions in natural environments that change over time, humans must update their beliefs as new observations are gathered. Studies exploring human inference as a dynamical process that unfolds in time have focused on…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-03-03 Arthur Prat-Carrabin , Robert C. Wilson , Jonathan D. Cohen , Rava Azeredo da Silveira

Animals flexibly change their behavior depending on context. It is reported that the hippocampus is one of the most prominent regions for contextual behaviors, and its sequential activity shows context dependency. However, how such…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-19 Yoshiki Ito , Taro Toyoizumi

Adversarial examples mainly exploit changes to input pixels to which humans are not sensitive to, and arise from the fact that models make decisions based on uninterpretable features. Interestingly, cognitive science reports that the…

A neuron transforms its input into output spikes, and this transformation is the basic unit of computation in the nervous system. The spiking response of the neuron to a complex, time-varying input can be predicted from the detailed…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2011-12-19 Michael Famulare , Adrienne Fairhall

We characterize the computation of motion in the fly visual system as a mapping from the high dimensional space of signals in the retinal photodetector array to the probability of generating an action potential in a motion sensitive neuron.…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 William Bialek , Rob R. de Ruyter van Steveninck

When human participants repeatedly encounter a velocity-dependent force field that distorts their movement trajectories, they adapt their motor behavior to recover straight trajectories. Computational models suggest that adaptation to a…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-10-12 Etienne Moullet , Agnès Roby-Brami , Emmanuel Guigon

When searching a target in a natural scene, both the target's visual properties and similarity to the background influence whether (and how fast) humans are able to find it. However, thus far it has been unclear whether searchers adjust the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-02-13 Lars Oliver Martin Rothkegel , Heiko Herbert Schütt , Hans Arne Trukenbrod , Felix Alexander Wichmann , Ralf Engbert

Non-stationary sequences arise naturally in control, forecasting, and decision-making. The data-generating process shifts at unknown times, and models must detect the change, discard or downweight obsolete evidence, and adapt to new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Carson Dudley , Yutong Bi , Xiaofeng Liu , Samet Oymak

Neuromorphic computing mimics the organizational principles of the brain in its quest to replicate the brain's intellectual abilities. An impressive ability of the brain is its adaptive intelligence, which allows the brain to regulate its…

Applied Physics · Physics 2021-10-19 Priyamvada Jadaun , Can Cui , Sam Liu , Jean Anne C. Incorvia

The ability to adapt to changing environments and settings is essential for robots acting in dynamic and unstructured environments or working alongside humans with varied abilities or preferences. This work introduces an extremely simple…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Pamela Carreno-Medrano , Dana Kulić , Michael Burke

A key challenge in reward learning from human input is that desired agent behavior often changes based on context. For example, a robot must adapt to avoid a stove once it becomes hot. We observe that while high-level preferences (e.g.,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Alexandra Forsey-Smerek , Julie Shah , Andreea Bobu

If modern computers are sometimes superior to humans in some specialized tasks such as playing chess or browsing a large database, they can't beat the efficiency of biological vision for such simple tasks as recognizing and following an…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2009-11-13 Laurent Perrinet

Contextual information plays an important role in many computer vision tasks, such as object detection, video action detection, image classification, etc. Recognizing a single object or action out of context could be sometimes very…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Xuan Wang , Zhigang Zhu

A dynamical neural network consists of a set of interconnected neurons that interact over time continuously. It can exhibit computational properties in the sense that the dynamical system's evolution and/or limit points in the associated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-24 Tsung-Han Lin , Ping Tak Peter Tang

Modern models that perform system-critical tasks such as segmentation and localization exhibit good performance and robustness under ideal conditions (i.e. daytime, overcast) but performance degrades quickly and often catastrophically when…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-26 Horia Porav , Tom Bruls , Paul Newman

Many types of neurons exhibit spike rate adaptation, mediated by intrinsic slow $\mathrm{K}^+$-currents, which effectively inhibit neuronal responses. How these adaptation currents change the relationship between in-vivo like fluctuating…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2013-11-08 Josef Ladenbauer , Moritz Augustin , Klaus Obermayer