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Model merging is a technique that combines multiple finetuned models into a single model without additional training, allowing a free-rider to cheaply inherit specialized capabilities. This study investigates methodologies to suppress…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Wei Junhao , Yu Zhe , Sakuma Jun

Model merging has emerged as an efficient technique for expanding large language models (LLMs) by integrating specialized expert models. However, it also introduces a new threat: model merging stealing, where free-riders exploit models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Qinfeng Li , Miao Pan , Jintao Chen , Fu Teng , Zhiqiang Shen , Ge Su , Hao Peng , Xuhong Zhang

The rapid proliferation of pretrained models and open repositories has made model merging a convenient yet risky practice, allowing free-riders to combine fine-tuned models into a new multi-capability model without authorization. Such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Wei-Jia Chen , Min-Yen Tsai , Cheng-Yi Lee , Chia-Mu Yu

Merging Large Language Models (LLMs) is a cost-effective technique for combining multiple expert LLMs into a single versatile model, retaining the expertise of the original ones. However, current approaches often overlook the importance of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud , Umberto Michieli , Fabio Pizzati , Philip Torr , Adel Bibi , Bernard Ghanem , Mete Ozay

Model merging is a promising lightweight model empowerment technique that does not rely on expensive computing devices (e.g., GPUs) or require the collection of specific training data. Instead, it involves editing different upstream model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Tianshuo Cong , Delong Ran , Zesen Liu , Xinlei He , Jinyuan Liu , Yichen Gong , Qi Li , Anyu Wang , Xiaoyun Wang

Model merging has emerged as an efficient method to combine multiple single-task fine-tuned models. The merged model can enjoy multi-task capabilities without expensive training. While promising, merging into a single model often suffers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Akash Dhasade , Divyansh Jhunjhunwala , Milos Vujasinovic , Gauri Joshi , Anne-Marie Kermarrec

Model merging constructs versatile models by integrating task-specific models without requiring labeled data or expensive joint retraining. Although recent methods improve adaptability to heterogeneous tasks by generating customized merged…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Haiyun Qiu , Xingyu Wu , Liang Feng , Kay Chen Tan

Model merging has emerged as a powerful technique for combining specialized capabilities from multiple fine-tuned LLMs without additional training costs. However, the security implications of this widely-adopted practice remain critically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Jiaqing Li , Zhibo Zhang , Shide Zhou , Yuxi Li , Tianlong Yu , Kailong Wang

Model merging for Large Language Models (LLMs) directly fuses the parameters of different models finetuned on various tasks, creating a unified model for multi-domain tasks. However, due to potential vulnerabilities in models available on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Zenghui Yuan , Yangming Xu , Jiawen Shi , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

Model merging aims to combine multiple expert models into a more capable single model, offering benefits such as reduced storage and serving costs, improved generalization, and support for decentralized model development. Despite its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Prateek Yadav , Tu Vu , Jonathan Lai , Alexandra Chronopoulou , Manaal Faruqui , Mohit Bansal , Tsendsuren Munkhdalai

Model merging is an efficient empowerment technique in the machine learning community that does not require the collection of raw training data and does not require expensive computation. As model merging becomes increasingly prevalent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Enneng Yang , Li Shen , Guibing Guo , Xingwei Wang , Xiaochun Cao , Jie Zhang , Dacheng Tao

Protecting the intellectual property of Large Language Models (LLMs) has become increasingly critical due to the high cost of training. Model merging, which integrates multiple expert models into a single multi-task model, introduces a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Shojiro Yamabe , Futa Waseda , Tsubasa Takahashi , Koki Wataoka

Model merging aims to integrate multiple task-specific fine-tuned models derived from a shared pre-trained checkpoint into a single multi-task model without additional training. Despite extensive research, task interference remains a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Longhua Li , Lei Qi , Qi Tian , Xin Geng

Model merging combines fine-tuned checkpoints into a single multi-task model without retraining. Existing methods - such as task arithmetic, model soups, TIES, and DARE - are computationally efficient and empirically successful, but rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Bethan Evans , Benjamin Etheridge , Stephen Roberts , Jared Tanner

Model merging is an effective strategy to merge multiple models for enhancing model performances, and more efficient than ensemble learning as it will not introduce extra computation into inference. However, limited research explores if the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Hu Wang , Ibrahim Almakky , Congbo Ma , Numan Saeed , Mohammad Yaqub

Model merging has emerged as a promising technique for combining multiple fine-tuned models into a single multitask model without retraining. However, the factors that determine whether merging will succeed or fail remain poorly understood.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Adir Rahamim , Asaf Yehudai , Boaz Carmeli , Leshem Choshen , Yosi Mass , Yonatan Belinkov

Model merging is a technique that combines multiple large pretrained models into a single model with enhanced performance and broader task adaptability. It has gained popularity in large pretrained model development due to its ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Yu Zhou , Xingyu Wu , Jibin Wu , Liang Feng , Kay Chen Tan

This paper presents a novel model protection paradigm ModelLock that locks (destroys) the performance of a model on normal clean data so as to make it unusable or unextractable without the right key. Specifically, we proposed a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yifeng Gao , Yuhua Sun , Xingjun Ma , Zuxuan Wu , Yu-Gang Jiang

Model merging, which combines multiple domain-specialized experts into a single model, offers a practical path to endow Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) with broad capabilities without the cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Dengming Zhang , Xiaowen Ma , Zhenliang Ni , Zhenkai Wu , Han Shu , Xin Jiang , Xinghao Chen

Model merging has gained significant attention as a cost-effective approach to integrate multiple single-task fine-tuned models into a unified one that can perform well on multiple tasks. However, existing model merging techniques primarily…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Jinluan Yang , Anke Tang , Didi Zhu , Zhengyu Chen , Li Shen , Fei Wu
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