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Ultra low-bit quantization brings substantial efficiency for Transformer-based models, but the accuracy degradation and limited GPU support hinder its wide usage. In this paper, we analyze zero-point distortion in binarization and propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yifu Ding , Xianglong Liu , Shenghao Jin , Jinyang Guo , Jiwen Lu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance across various tasks. However, the latency of inference and the large GPU memory consumption of LLMs restrict their deployment performance. Recently, there have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Yi Zhang , Fei Yang , Shuang Peng , Fangyu Wang , Aimin Pan

Deploying large language models (LLMs) on edge platforms is challenged by their high computational and memory demands. Although recent low-bit quantization methods (e.g., BitNet, DeepSeek) compress weights to as little as 1.58 bits with…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Ye Qiao , Zhiheng Chen , Yifan Zhang , Yian Wang , Sitao Huang

High performance dense linear algebra (DLA) libraries often rely on a general matrix multiply (Gemm) kernel that is implemented using assembly or with vector intrinsics. In particular, the real-valued Gemm kernels provide the overwhelming…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2017-05-01 Richard Michael Veras , Tze Meng Low , Tyler Michael Smith , Robert van de Geijn , Franz Franchetti

LLM decoding is bottlenecked for large batches and long contexts by loading the key-value (KV) cache from high-bandwidth memory, which inflates per-token latency, while the sequential nature of decoding limits parallelism. We analyze the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Ted Zadouri , Hubert Strauss , Tri Dao

Quantization is a practical technique for making large language models easier to deploy by reducing the precision used to store and operate on model weights. This can lower memory use and improve runtime feasibility on constrained hardware,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Uygar Kurt

The quantization of large language models (LLMs) is crucial for deploying them on devices with limited computational resources. While advanced quantization algorithms offer improved performance compared to the basic linear quantization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Jaewoo Song , Fangzhen Lin

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a powerful foundation for intelligent reasoning and decision-making, demonstrating substantial impact across a wide range of domains and applications. However, their massive parameter scales and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Mingyu Sun , Xiao Zhang , Shen Qu , Yan Li , Mengbai Xiao , Yuan Yuan , Dongxiao Yu

Quantization is widely adopted to accelerate inference and reduce memory consumption in large language models (LLMs). While activation-weight joint quantization enables efficient low-precision decoding, it suffers from substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Juntao Zhao , Wenhao Lu , Sheng Wang , Lingpeng Kong , Chuan Wu

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) is accelerating the integration of multimodal assistants into edge devices, where inference is executed under stringent latency and energy constraints, often exacerbated by intermittent…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Yanru Chen , Runyang Tian , Yue Pan , Zheyu Li , Weihong Xu , Tajana Rosing

The burgeoning computational demands for training large language models (LLMs) necessitate efficient methods, including quantized training, which leverages low-bit arithmetic operations to reduce costs. While FP8 precision has shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Jiecheng Zhou , Ding Tang , Rong Fu , Boni Hu , Haoran Xu , Yi Wang , Zhilin Pei , Zhongling Su , Liang Liu , Xingcheng Zhang , Weiming Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly prominent for daily tasks, from improving sound-totext translation to generating additional frames for the latest video games. With the help of LLM inference frameworks, such as…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jude Haris , José Cano

Large Language Model (LLM) inference on large-scale systems is expected to dominate future cloud infrastructures. Efficient LLM inference in cloud environments with numerous AI accelerators is challenging, necessitating extensive…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Ilias Bournias , Lukas Cavigelli , Georgios Zacharopoulos

Efficient CUDA implementations of attention mechanisms are critical to modern deep learning systems, yet supporting diverse and evolving attention variants remains challenging. Existing frameworks and compilers trade performance for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Xing Ma , Yangjie Zhou , Wu Sun , Zihan Liu , Jingwen Leng , Yun Lin , Shixuan Sun , Minyi Guo , Jin Song Dong

Deploying large language models (LLMs) on end-user devices is gaining importance due to benefits in responsiveness, privacy, and operational cost. Yet the limited memory and compute capability of mobile and desktop GPUs make efficient…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Rongxiang Wang , Kangyuan Shu , Felix Xiaozhu Lin

Scalable classical simulation of quantum circuits is crucial for advancing quantum algorithm development and validating emerging hardware. This work focuses on performance enhancements through targeted low-level and NUMA-aware tuning on a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-07 Ali Rezaei , Luc Jaulmes , Maria Bahna , Oliver Thomson Brown , Antonio Barbalace

In this paper, we propose FusionCIM, an operator-fusion-driven compute-in-memory (CIM) accelerator architecture for efficient and scalable LLM inference, with three key innovations: (1) a hybrid CIM pipeline architecture that maps QKT…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Zihao Xuan , Jia Chen , Yewen Li , Wei Xuan , Hegan Chen , Xiao Huo , Fengbin Tu

The emergence of accurate open large language models (LLMs) has sparked a push for advanced quantization techniques to enable efficient deployment on end-user devices. In this paper, we revisit the challenge of extreme LLM compression --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Zhixiong Zhao , Fangxin Liu , Junjie Wang , Chenyang Guan , Zongwu Wang , Li Jiang , Haibing Guan

Large language models (LLMs) are omnipresent, however their practical deployment is challenging due to their ever increasing computational and memory demands. Quantization is one of the most effective ways to make them more compute and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yelysei Bondarenko , Riccardo Del Chiaro , Markus Nagel

This paper presents a novel network compression framework Kernel Quantization (KQ), targeting to efficiently convert any pre-trained full-precision convolutional neural network (CNN) model into a low-precision version without significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-12 Zhongzhi Yu , Yemin Shi , Tiejun Huang , Yizhou Yu