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In this paper, we approach competitive-level programming problem-solving as a composite task of reasoning and code generation. We propose a novel method to automatically annotate natural language explanations to \textit{<problem, solution>}…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Jierui Li , Szymon Tworkowski , Yingying Wu , Raymond Mooney

LLMs have demonstrated significant potential in code generation tasks, achieving promising results at the function or statement level across various benchmarks. However, the complexities associated with creating code artifacts like classes,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Ajinkya Deshpande , Anmol Agarwal , Shashank Shet , Arun Iyer , Aditya Kanade , Ramakrishna Bairi , Suresh Parthasarathy

Despite Retrieval-Augmented Generation improving code completion, traditional retrieval methods struggle with information redundancy and a lack of diversity within limited context windows. To solve this, we propose a resource-optimized…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xiaohan Chen , Zhongying Pan , Quan Feng , Yu Tian , Shuqun Yang , Mengru Wang , Lina Gong , Yuxia Geng , Piji Li , Xiang Chen

Traditional code search engines often do not perform well with natural language queries since they mostly apply keyword matching. These engines thus require carefully designed queries containing information about programming APIs for code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-07-13 Mohammad Masudur Rahman , Chanchal K. Roy , David Lo

Code transformation is a foundational capability in the software development process, where its effectiveness relies on constructing a high-quality code representation to characterize the input code semantics and guide the transformation.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Weichen Li , Jiamin Song , Bogdan Alexandru Stoica , Arav Dhoot , Gabriel Ryan , Shengyu Fu , Kexin Pei

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved automated code generation. While existing approaches have achieved strong performance at the function and file levels, real-world software engineering requires…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yicheng Tao , Yuante Li , Yao Qin , Yepang Liu

With the advent of DeepSeek-R1, a new wave of reinforcement learning (RL) methods has emerged that seem to unlock stronger mathematical reasoning. However, a closer look at the open-source ecosystem reveals a critical limitation: with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Prasanna Mayilvahanan , Ricardo Dominguez-Olmedo , Thaddäus Wiedemer , Wieland Brendel

Maintaining large-scale, multilingual codebases hinges on accurately localizing issues, which requires mapping natural-language error descriptions to the relevant functions that need to be modified. However, existing ranking approaches are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Revanth Gangi Reddy , Ye Liu , Wenting Zhao , JaeHyeok Doo , Tarun Suresh , Daniel Lee , Caiming Xiong , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz , Shafiq Joty

Semantic textual similartiy (STS) and information retrieval tasks (IR) tasks have been the two major avenues to record the progress of embedding models in the past few years. Under the emerging Retrieval-augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Chenghao Xiao , G Thomas Hudson , Noura Al Moubayed

Developers often depend on code search engines to obtain solutions for their programming tasks. However, finding an expected solution containing code examples along with their explanations is challenging due to several issues. There is a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Rodrigo F. Silva , M. Masudur Rahman , Carlos Eduardo Dantas , Chanchal Roy , Foutse Khomh , Marcelo A. Maia

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on explicit reasoning to solve coding tasks, yet evaluating the quality of this reasoning remains challenging. Existing reasoning evaluators are not designed for coding, and current benchmarks…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yuangang Li , Justin Tian Jin Chen , Ethan Yu , David Hong , Iftekhar Ahmed

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) frameworks aim to enhance Code Language Models (CLMs) by including another module for retrieving relevant context to construct the input prompt. However, these retrieval modules commonly use semantic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Minh Nguyen

In software engineering-related tasks (such as programming language tag prediction based on code snippets from Stack Overflow), the programming language classification for code snippets is a common task. In this study, we propose a novel…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Guang Yang , Yanlin Zhou , Chi Yu , Xiang Chen

In practice, rigorous reasoning is often a key driver of correct code, while Reinforcement Learning (RL) for code generation often neglects optimizing reasoning quality. Bringing process-level supervision into RL is appealing, but it faces…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Lishui Fan , Yu Zhang , Mouxiang Chen , Zhongxin Liu

Code embeddings are essential for semantic code search; however, current approaches often struggle to capture the precise syntactic and contextual nuances inherent in code. Open-source models such as CodeBERT and UniXcoder exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Saumya Chaturvedi , Aman Chadha , Laurent Bindschaedler

To comprehensively gauge the capacity of current models for complex reasoning, it is crucial to assess their step-by-step reasoning in a scalable manner. Established reference-based evaluation metrics rely on human-annotated reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Hangfeng He , Hongming Zhang , Dan Roth

Deep neural networks has become the first choice for researchers working on algorithmic aspects of learning-to-rank. Unfortunately, it is not trivial to find the optimal setting of hyper-parameters that achieves the best ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Hai-Tao Yu

This paper focuses on the dynamic optimization of the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architecture. It proposes a state-aware dynamic knowledge retrieval mechanism to enhance semantic understanding and knowledge scheduling efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Jacky He , Guiran Liu , Binrong Zhu , Hanlu Zhang , Hongye Zheng , Xiaokai Wang

Automatically generating concise, informative comments for source code can lighten documentation effort and accelerate program comprehension. Retrieval-augmented approaches first fetch code snippets with existing comments and then…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Tien P. T. Le , Anh M. T. Bui , Huy N. D. Pham , Alessio Bucaioni , Phuong T. Nguyen

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in code-related tasks, such as code generation and automated program repair. Despite their promising performance, most existing approaches for code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yicong Zhao , Shisong Chen , Jiacheng Zhang , Zhixu Li