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The growing number of parameters and computational demands of large language models (LLMs) present significant challenges for their efficient deployment. Recently, there is an increasing interest in quantizing weights to extremely low…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Cheng Zhang , Jeffrey T. H. Wong , Can Xiao , George A. Constantinides , Yiren Zhao

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning improves large language models (LLMs) on difficult tasks, but it also makes inference expensive because every intermediate step must be generated as a discrete token. Latent reasoning reduces visible token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Xuan Li , Yining Wang , Yuchen Liu , Guanjun Liu , Delai Qiu , Shengping Liu , Jiaen Liang , Wei Huang , Jun Yu , Junnan Zhu

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) through Transformer structures have dominated many machine learning tasks, especially text processing. However, these models require massive amounts of data for training and induce high resource…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Kilian Pfeiffer , Mohamed Aboelenien Ahmed , Ramin Khalili , Jörg Henkel

Large Language Models (LLMs) are now capable of generating text that closely resembles human writing, making them powerful tools for content creation, but this growing ability has also made it harder to tell whether a piece of text was…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Muhammad Ammar , Hadiya Murad Hadi , Usman Majeed Butt

Large Language Models (LLM) often need to be Continual Pre-Trained (CPT) to obtain unfamiliar language skills or adapt to new domains. The huge training cost of CPT often asks for cautious choice of key hyper-parameters such as the mixture…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Ningyuan Xi , Yetao Wu , Kun Fan , Teng Chen , Qingqing Gu , Luo Ji

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has reshaped the landscape of machine translation, yet challenges persist in preserving poetic intent, cultural heritage, and handling specialized terminology in Chinese-English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Li Weigang , Pedro Carvalho Brom

While large language models (LLMs) exhibit significant utility across various domains, they simultaneously are susceptible to exploitation for unethical purposes, including academic misconduct and dissemination of misinformation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Navid Ayoobi , Lily Knab , Wen Cheng , David Pantoja , Hamidreza Alikhani , Sylvain Flamant , Jin Kim , Arjun Mukherjee

During the development of large language models (LLMs), the scale and quality of the pre-training data play a crucial role in shaping LLMs' capabilities. To accelerate the research of LLMs, several large-scale datasets, such as C4 [1], Pile…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Jianghao Chen , Pu Jian , Tengxiao Xi , Dongyi Yi , Qianlong Du , Chenglin Ding , Guibo Zhu , Chengqing Zong , Jinqiao Wang , Jiajun Zhang

In this paper, we take the advantage of previous pre-trained models (PTMs) and propose a novel Chinese Pre-trained Unbalanced Transformer (CPT). Different from previous Chinese PTMs, CPT is designed to utilize the shared knowledge between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Yunfan Shao , Zhichao Geng , Yitao Liu , Junqi Dai , Hang Yan , Fei Yang , Li Zhe , Hujun Bao , Xipeng Qiu

The pre-trained language models have achieved great successes in various natural language understanding (NLU) tasks due to its capacity to capture the deep contextualized information in text by pre-training on large-scale corpora. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Junqiu Wei , Xiaozhe Ren , Xiaoguang Li , Wenyong Huang , Yi Liao , Yasheng Wang , Jiashu Lin , Xin Jiang , Xiao Chen , Qun Liu

Recent literature on fine-tuning Large Language Models highlights a fundamental debate. While Full Fine-Tuning (FFT) provides the representational plasticity required for high-entropy knowledge injection, Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haozhan Tang , Xiuqi Zhu , Xinyin Zhang , Boxun Li , Virginia Smith , Kevin Kuo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of natural language processing tasks. However, Chinese LLMs face unique challenges, primarily due to the dominance of unstructured free text and the lack of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Chengwei Wu , Jiapu Wang , Mingyang Gao , Xingrui Zhuo , Jipeng Guo , Runlin Lei , Haoran Luo , Tianyu Chen , Haoyi Zhou , Shirui Pan , Zechao Li

As an Indo-Aryan language with limited available data, Chakma remains largely underrepresented in language models. In this work, we introduce a novel corpus of contextually coherent Bangla-transliterated Chakma, curated from Chakma…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Adity Khisa , Nusrat Jahan Lia , Tasnim Mahfuz Nafis , Zarif Masud , Tanzir Pial , Shebuti Rayana , Ahmedul Kabir

Large language models (LLMs) excel at diverse tasks, but their deployment on resource-constrained devices remains challenging. Existing methods like quantization, pruning, and distillation can reduce memory footprint but often demand…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Siddharth Tandon

The Qwen series has emerged as a leading family of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs), demonstrating remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding tasks. With the recent release of Qwen3, which exhibits superior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Xingyu Zheng , Yuye Li , Haoran Chu , Yue Feng , Xudong Ma , Jie Luo , Jinyang Guo , Haotong Qin , Michele Magno , Xianglong Liu

The black-box nature of large language models (LLMs) necessitates the development of eXplainable AI (XAI) techniques for transparency and trustworthiness. However, evaluating these techniques remains a challenge. This study presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Melkamu Abay Mersha , Mesay Gemeda Yigezu , Jugal Kalita

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) have achieved remarkable performance gains across numerous downstream tasks in natural language understanding. Various Chinese PLMs have been successively proposed for learning better Chinese language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Borun Chen , Hongyin Tang , Jiahao Bu , Kai Zhang , Jingang Wang , Qifan Wang , Hai-Tao Zheng , Wei Wu , Liqian Yu

Large language models (LLMs) have reached human-like proficiency in generating diverse textual content, underscoring the necessity for effective fake text detection to avoid potential risks such as fake news in social media. Previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Zhixin Lai , Xuesheng Zhang , Suiyao Chen

In natural language processing, pre-trained language models have become essential infrastructures. However, these models often suffer from issues such as large size, long inference time, and challenging deployment. Moreover, most mainstream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Xin Yao , Ziqing Yang , Yiming Cui , Shijin Wang

Large language models (LLMs) often lack specialized knowledge for complex bioinformatics applications. We present a reproducible pipeline for fine-tuning LLMs on specialized bioinformatics data, demonstrated through two use cases: PRSGPT,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Muhammad Muneeb , David B. Ascher