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In this paper, we propose HyperVision, a realtime unsupervised machine learning (ML) based malicious traffic detection system. Particularly, HyperVision is able to detect unknown patterns of encrypted malicious traffic by utilizing a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Chuanpu Fu , Qi Li , Ke Xu

Cybersecurity is essential, and attacks are rapidly growing and getting more challenging to detect. The traditional Firewall and Intrusion Detection system, even though it is widely used and recommended but it fails to detect new attacks,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Mustafa Sakhai , Maciej Wielgosz

As networks continue to expand and become more interconnected, the need for novel malware detection methods becomes more pronounced. Traditional security measures are increasingly inadequate against the sophistication of modern cyber…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Kyle Stein , Arash Mahyari , Guillermo Francia , Eman El-Sheikh

Network traffic classification that is widely applicable and highly accurate is valuable for many network security and management tasks. A flexible and easily configurable classification framework is ideal, as it can be customized for use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jiahui Chen , Joe Breen , Jeff M. Phillips , Jacobus Van der Merwe

Supervised machine learning techniques rely on labeled data to achieve high task performance, but this requires the labels to capture some meaningful differences in the underlying data structure. For training network intrusion detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Meghan Wilkinson , Robert H Thomson

Network traffic includes data transmitted across a network, such as web browsing and file transfers, and is organized into packets (small units of data) and flows (sequences of packets exchanged between two endpoints). Classifying encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Xu-Yang Chen , Lu Han , De-Chuan Zhan , Han-Jia Ye

Modern networks carry increasingly diverse and encrypted traffic types that demand classification techniques beyond traditional port-based and payload-based methods. This tutorial provides a practical, end-to-end guide to building…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Adrian Pekar , Richard Plny , Karel Hynek

Traffic classification has various applications in today's Internet, from resource allocation, billing and QoS purposes in ISPs to firewall and malware detection in clients. Classical machine learning algorithms and deep learning models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Shahbaz Rezaei , Xin Liu

In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of malware attacks that use encrypted HTTP traffic for self-propagation or communication. Antivirus software and firewalls typically will not have access to encryption keys,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Anish Singh Shekhawat , Fabio Di Troia , Mark Stamp

Encrypted traffic classification requires discriminative and robust traffic representation captured from content-invisible and imbalanced traffic data for accurate classification, which is challenging but indispensable to achieve network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Xinjie Lin , Gang Xiong , Gaopeng Gou , Zhen Li , Junzheng Shi , Jing Yu

The automatic classification of applications and services is an invaluable feature for new generation mobile networks. Here, we propose and validate algorithms to perform this task, at runtime, from the raw physical channel of an operative…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-10 Hoang Duy Trinh , Angel Fernandez Gambin , Lorenza Giupponi , Michele Rossi , Paolo Dini

Existing website fingerprinting and traffic classification solutions do not work well when the evaluation context changes, as their performances often heavily rely on context-specific assumptions. To clarify this problem, we take three…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Elham Akbari , Zihao Zhou , Mohammad Ali Salahuddin , Noura Limam , Raouf Boutaba , Bertrand Mathieu , Stephanie Moteau , Stephane Tuffin

The increasing demand for privacy protection and security considerations leads to a significant rise in the proportion of encrypted network traffic. Since traffic content becomes unrecognizable after encryption, accurate analysis is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Di Zhao , Bo Jiang , Song Liu , Susu Cui , Meng Shen , Dongqi Han , Xingmao Guan , Zhigang Lu

The proliferation of Internet-of-things (IoT) infrastructures and the widespread adoption of traffic encryption present significant challenges, particularly in environments characterized by dynamic traffic patterns, constrained…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Hongjuan Li , Hui Kang , Chenbang Liu , Ruolin Wang , Jiahui Li , Geng Sun , Jiacheng Wang , Shuang Liang , Shiwen Mao

Traffic classification associates packet streams with known application labels, which is vital for network security and network management. With the rise of NAT, port dynamics, and encrypted traffic, it is increasingly challenging to obtain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Bo Pang , Yongquan Fu , Siyuan Ren , Ye Wang , Qing Liao , Yan Jia

Despite the use of machine learning for many network traffic analysis tasks in security, from application identification to intrusion detection, the aspects of the machine learning pipeline that ultimately determine the performance of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Jordan Holland , Paul Schmitt , Nick Feamster , Prateek Mittal

The recent success and proliferation of machine learning and deep learning have provided powerful tools, which are also utilized for encrypted traffic analysis, classification, and threat detection in computer networks. These methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Jan Luxemburk , Tomáš Čejka

In this paper, we present a novel encrypted traffic classification model that operates directly on raw PCAP data without requiring prior assumptions about traffic type. Unlike existing methods, it is generalizable across multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Federica Bianchi , Edoardo Di Paolo , Angelo Spognardi

With more encrypted network traffic gets involved in the Internet, how to effectively identify network traffic has become a top priority in the field. Accurate identification of the network traffic is the footstone of basic network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Yi Zeng , Zihao Qi , Wencheng Chen , Yanzhe Huang , Xingxin Zheng , Han Qiu

Machine learning (ML) is promising in accurately detecting malicious flows in encrypted network traffic; however, it is challenging to collect a training dataset that contains a sufficient amount of encrypted malicious data with correct…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Yuqi Qing , Qilei Yin , Xinhao Deng , Yihao Chen , Zhuotao Liu , Kun Sun , Ke Xu , Jia Zhang , Qi Li