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Differing from synchronous generators, there are lack of physical laws governing the synchronization dynamics of voltage-source converters (VSCs). The widely used phase-locked loop (PLL) plays a critical role in maintaining the synchronism…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

Grid-synchronization stability (GSS) is an emerging stability issue of grid-tied voltage source converters (VSCs), which can be provoked by severe grid voltage sags. Although a qualitative understanding of the mechanism behind the loss of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-25 Yu Zhang , Chen Zhang , Xu Cai

With the increased penetration of renewable energy and reduced proportion of synchronous generators, the low-inertia characteristics of todays power system become prominent, and the transient stability issue of grid following converter…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-20 Fangyuan Sun , Ruisheng Diao , Ruiyuan Zeng , Zhanning Liu , Baorong Zhou , Junjie Li , Wangqianyun Tang

Synchronization instability of grid-tied converters during grid faults is a serious concern. For phase-locked loop (PLL) synchronized converters, synchronization stability during grid faults requires that PLL can resynchronize with the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-07 Xiuqiang He , Hua Geng

Deploying synchronous condensers (SynCons) near grid-following renewable energy sources (GFLRs) is an effective and increasingly adopted strategy for grid support. However, the potential transient instability risks in such configurations…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-27 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Qinglan Wang , Xu Zhang , Huan Xie , Chuan Qin , Zhiguo Hao

The modern power grid features the high penetration of power converters, which widely employ a phase-locked loop (PLL) for grid synchronization. However, it has been pointed out that PLL can give rise to small-signal instabilities under…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-18 Chaoran Yang , Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Ping Ju

In current generation digital phase locked loop (DPLL) architectures, techniques like adaptive loop bandwidth with loop order switching and switched phase-detection are employed to achieve better lock time and jitter performance. This work…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Pallavi Paliwal , Debasattam Pal , Shalabh Gupta

Grid-following (GFL) inverters are commonly used for integrating renewable energy sources into power grids. However, the dynamic performance of GFL models can be significantly impacted by the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) in a weak grid, leading…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-03 Phuoc Sang Nguyen , Ghavameddin Nourbakhsh , Gerard Ledwich

Integrating grid-forming converters (GFMCs) into grid-following converter (GFLC)-dominated power systems enhances the grid strength, but GFMCs' current-limiting characteristic triggers dynamic switching between constant voltage control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-22 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Pu Cheng , Zhiguo Hao

The grid-following and grid-forming controls in voltage-source converters are considered as different operation modes and the synchronization mechanism of them are studied separately. In this article, the intrinsic relationships between…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-08 Kaizhe Zhang

Small-signal instability of grid-connected power converters may arise when the converters use a phase-locked loop (PLL) to synchronize with a weak grid. Commonly, this stability problem (referred as PLL-synchronization stability in this…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Wei Dong , Florian Dörfler

This paper presents an extensive framework focused on the control design, along with stability and performance analysis, of Grid-Following Inverters (GFL). It aims to ensure their effective operation under both stiff and weak grid…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-26 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

This paper presents a novel strategy for the synchronization of grid-following Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) in power systems with low rotational inertia. The proposed synchronization unit is based on emulating the physical properties of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-30 Ognjen Stanojev , Uros Markovic , Petros Aristidou , Gabriela Hug

In scenarios where synchronous generators (SGs) and grid-following renewable energy sources (GFLR) are co-located, existing research, which mainly focuses on the first-swing stability of SGs, often overlooks ongoing dynamic interactions…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-27 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Guosong Wang , Yiwen Hu , Xu Zhang , Zhiguo Hao , Dongxu Chang , Baohui Zhang

We consider a grid-connected voltage source converter (VSC) and address the problem of estimating the grid angle and frequency, information that is essential for an appropriate operation of the converter. We design phase-locked loop (PLL)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-19 Daniele Zonetti , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Marc Cheah-Mane

Synchronous reference frame phase-looked loop (SRF-PLL) techniques are widely used for interfacing and control applications in the power systems and energy conversion at large. Since a PLL system synchronizes its output with an exogenous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-24 Michael Ruderman , Elia Brescia , Paolo Roberto Massenio , Giuseppe Leonardo Cascella , David Naso

Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) present a significant challenge to the stability and reliability of power systems, especially in grids with a high penetration of renewable energy sources. Traditional grid-following (GFL) inverters have…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-02 Tamojit Chakraborty , Anamitra Pal , Sam Maleki

The phase-locked loop (PLL) used in the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) can cause frequency coupling phenomena, which will give negative resistance characteristics ofthe DFIG at low frequency, resulting in stability issues under weak…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-20 Xiaoling Xiong , Bochen Luo , Longcan Li , Ziming Sun , Frede Blaabjerg

Grid-following inverters have been widely adopted as a grid interface for renewable energy, and ensuring their small-signal and large-signal stability is critical to modern power systems. Their large-signal, or transient, stability is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-08 Yifan Zhang , Yunjie Gu , Yue Zhu , Yitong Li , Hsiao-Dong Chiang , Timothy C. Green

High penetration of distributed generators (DG) in modern power grids creates angle, voltage, and frequency instabilities. Most of the work in the literature has focused on small-signal stability analysis of single grid-connected inverters…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-07 Ramkrishna Mishan
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