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Many existing studies have achieved significant improvements in the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) through reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR), while the enhancement of reasoning abilities in small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Zhong Guan , Likang Wu , Hongke Zhao , Jiahui Wang , Le Wu

Post-training has become central to turning pretrained large language models (LLMs) into aligned, capable, and deployable systems. Recent progress spans supervised fine-tuning (SFT), preference optimization, reinforcement learning (RL),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Shiwan Zhao , Zhihu Wang , Xuyang Zhao , Jiaming Zhou , Caiyue Xu , Chenfei Liu , Liting Zhang , Yuhang Jia , Yanzhe Zhang , Hualong Yu , Zichen Xu , Qicheng Li , Yong Qin

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel as passive responders, but teaching them to be proactive, goal-oriented partners, a critical capability in high-stakes domains, remains a major challenge. Current paradigms either myopically optimize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Fei Wei , Daoyuan Chen , Ce Wang , Yilun Huang , Yushuo Chen , Xuchen Pan , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has achieved significant breakthroughs in various tasks. However, most DRL algorithms suffer a problem of generalizing the learned policy which makes the learning performance largely affected even by minor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Zhengyao Jiang , Shan Luo

In many real-world settings, agents must learn from an offline dataset gathered by some prior behavior policy. Such a setting naturally leads to distribution shift between the behavior policy and the target policy being trained - requiring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Matthew Thomas Jackson , Michael Tryfan Matthews , Cong Lu , Benjamin Ellis , Shimon Whiteson , Jakob Foerster

Diffusion policies have emerged as a powerful approach for robotic control, demonstrating superior expressiveness in modeling multimodal action distributions compared to conventional policy networks. However, their integration with online…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Wonhyeok Choi , Shutong Ding , Minwoo Choi , Jungwan Woo , Kyumin Hwang , Jaeyeul Kim , Ye Shi , Sunghoon Im

We study the offline reinforcement learning (RL) in the face of unmeasured confounders. Due to the lack of online interaction with the environment, offline RL is facing the following two significant challenges: (i) the agent may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Zuyue Fu , Zhengling Qi , Zhaoran Wang , Zhuoran Yang , Yanxun Xu , Michael R. Kosorok

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach for aligning large language models (LLMs) knowledge with sequential decision-making tasks. However, few studies have thoroughly investigated the impact on LLM agents capabilities of…

Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand (AMoD) systems are an evolving mode of transportation in which a centrally coordinated fleet of self-driving vehicles dynamically serves travel requests. The control of these systems is typically formulated as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-28 Carolin Schmidt , Daniele Gammelli , Francisco Camara Pereira , Filipe Rodrigues

We show that large language models (LLMs) can be adapted to be generalizable policies for embodied visual tasks. Our approach, called Large LAnguage model Reinforcement Learning Policy (LLaRP), adapts a pre-trained frozen LLM to take as…

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) refers to the problem of learning policies from a static dataset of environment interactions. Offline RL enables extensive use and re-use of historical datasets, while also alleviating safety concerns…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Rafael Rafailov , Tianhe Yu , Aravind Rajeswaran , Chelsea Finn

Most deep reinforcement learning (RL) systems are not able to learn effectively from off-policy data, especially if they cannot explore online in the environment. These are critical shortcomings for applying RL to real-world problems where…

We propose a multi-time-scale predictive representation learning method to efficiently learn robust driving policies in an offline manner that generalize well to novel road geometries, and damaged and distracting lane conditions which are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Daniel Graves , Nhat M. Nguyen , Kimia Hassanzadeh , Jun Jin , Jun Luo

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been a promising solution to many complex decision-making problems. Nevertheless, the notorious weakness in generalization among environments prevent widespread application of DRL agents in real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Tong Sang , Hongyao Tang , Yi Ma , Jianye Hao , Yan Zheng , Zhaopeng Meng , Boyan Li , Zhen Wang

Graphical user interface (GUI)-based mobile agents automate digital tasks on mobile devices by interpreting natural-language instructions and interacting with the screen. While recent methods apply reinforcement learning (RL) to train…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Li Gu , Zihuan Jiang , Zhixiang Chi , Huan Liu , Ziqiang Wang , Yuanhao Yu , Glen Berseth , Yang Wang

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) offers a powerful paradigm for data-driven control. Compared to model-free approaches, offline model-based RL (MBRL) explicitly learns a world model from a static dataset and uses it as a surrogate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Jiayu Chen , Le Xu , Aravind Venugopal , Jeff Schneider

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) aims to learn a policy that maximizes the expected return using a given static dataset of transitions. However, offline RL faces the distribution shift problem. The policy constraint offline RL method is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Yuanhao Chen , Qi Liu , Pengbin Chen , Zhongjian Qiao , Yanjie Li

Offline policy learning is aimed at learning decision-making policies using existing datasets of trajectories without collecting additional data. The primary motivation for using reinforcement learning (RL) instead of supervised learning…

Offline reinforcement learning aims to train a policy on a pre-recorded and fixed dataset without any additional environment interactions. There are two major challenges in this setting: (1) extrapolation error caused by approximating the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Dmitriy Akimov , Vladislav Kurenkov , Alexander Nikulin , Denis Tarasov , Sergey Kolesnikov

In offline reinforcement learning (RL), we seek to utilize offline data to evaluate (or learn) policies in scenarios where the data are collected from a distribution that substantially differs from that of the target policy to be evaluated.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Ruosong Wang , Yifan Wu , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Sham M. Kakade
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