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Test-Time Scaling (TTS) improves large language models (LLMs) by allocating additional computation during inference, typically through parallel, sequential, or hybrid scaling. However, prior studies often assume fixed collaboration…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Fali Wang , Jihai Chen , Shuhua Yang , Runxue Bao , Tianxiang Zhao , Zhiwei Zhang , Xianfeng Tang , Hui Liu , Qi He , Suhang Wang

Despite advances in reinforcement learning (RL)-based video reasoning with large language models (LLMs), data collection and fine-tuning remain significant challenges. These methods often rely on large-scale supervised fine-tuning (SFT)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Ziyang Wang , Jaehong Yoon , Shoubin Yu , Md Mohaiminul Islam , Gedas Bertasius , Mohit Bansal

Augmented Large Language Models (LLMs) enhance the capabilities of standalone LLMs by integrating external data sources through API calls. In interactive LLM applications, efficient scheduling is crucial for maintaining low request…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Rana Shahout , Cong Liang , Shiji Xin , Qianru Lao , Yong Cui , Minlan Yu , Michael Mitzenmacher

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pivotal in advancing natural language processing but often struggle with complex reasoning tasks due to inefficient attention distributions. In this paper, we explore the effect of increased computed tokens…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Bingli Liao , Danilo Vasconcellos Vargas

LLMs can solve complex tasks by generating long, multi-step reasoning chains. Test-time scaling (TTS) can further improve performance by sampling multiple variants of intermediate reasoning steps, verifying their correctness, and selecting…

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled near-human performance on software coding benchmarks, but their effectiveness in RTL code generation remains limited due to the scarcity of high-quality training data. While prior…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Chenhui Deng , Yun-Da Tsai , Guan-Ting Liu , Zhongzhi Yu , Haoxing Ren

Reasoning-oriented Large Language Models (LLMs) often rely on generating explicit tokens step by step, and their effectiveness typically hinges on large-scale supervised fine-tuning or reinforcement learning. While Chain-of-Thought (CoT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Haoyu Zheng , Zhuonan Wang , Yuqian Yuan , Tianwei Lin , Wenqiao Zhang , Zheqi Lv , Juncheng Li , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang , Hongyang He

Scaling model parameters has become the de facto strategy for improving NLP systems, but it comes with substantial computational costs. Test-Time Scaling (TTS) offers an alternative by allocating more computation at inference: generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Shaomu Tan , Ryosuke Mitani , Ritvik Choudhary , Toshiyuki Sekiya

Large-language-model (LLM)-based AI agents have recently showcased impressive versatility by employing dynamic reasoning, an adaptive, multi-step process that coordinates with external tools. This shift from static, single-turn inference to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Jiin Kim , Byeongjun Shin , Jinha Chung , Minsoo Rhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in predicting mental health outcomes from online text, yet traditional classification methods often lack interpretability and robustness. This study evaluates structured reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Avinash Patil , Amardeep Kour Gedhu

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have exhibited strong performance on complex reasoning tasks, with further gains achievable through increased computational budgets at inference. However, current test-time scaling methods predominantly rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Jie Chen , Jinhao Jiang , Yingqian Min , Zican Dong , Shijie Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

The rapid advancements in large Language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced their reasoning capabilities, driven by various strategies such as multi-agent collaboration. However, unlike the well-established performance improvements…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zihan Chen , Song Wang , Zhen Tan , Xingbo Fu , Zhenyu Lei , Peng Wang , Huan Liu , Cong Shen , Jundong Li

Large language models (LLMs) excel at complex reasoning, yet their efficiency is limited by the surging cognitive overhead of long thought traces. In this paper, we propose LightThinker, a method that enables LLMs to dynamically compress…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yuqi Zhu , Jintian Zhang , Zhenjie Wan , Yujie Luo , Shuofei Qiao , Zhengke Gui , Da Zheng , Lei Liang , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

While explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT) equips Large Language Models (LLMs) with strong reasoning capabilities, it requires models to verbalize every intermediate step in text tokens, constraining the model thoughts to the discrete vocabulary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Weihao Liu , Dehai Min , Lu Cheng

Early artificial intelligence paradigms exhibited separated cognitive functions: Neural Networks focused on "perception-representation," Reinforcement Learning on "decision-making-behavior," and Symbolic AI on "knowledge-reasoning." With…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Zhi Liu , Guangzhi Wang

Emerging computation-intensive applications impose stringent latency requirements on resource-constrained mobile devices. Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) addresses this challenge through task offloading. However, designing effective policies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Ning Yang , Chuangxin Cheng , Haijun Zhang

Recurrent Neural Networks and in particular Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks have demonstrated state-of-the-art accuracy in several emerging Artificial Intelligence tasks. However, the models are becoming increasingly demanding in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-10 Michalis Rizakis , Stylianos I. Venieris , Alexandros Kouris , Christos-Savvas Bouganis

Allocating more compute to large language models (LLMs) reasoning has generally been demonstrated to improve their effectiveness, but also results in increased inference time. In contrast, humans can perform tasks faster and better with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Bo Pan , Liang Zhao

Current test-time scaling (TTS) techniques enhance large language model (LLM) performance by allocating additional computation at inference time, yet they remain insufficient for agentic settings, where actions directly interact with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Xingshan Zeng , Lingzhi Wang , Weiwen Liu , Liangyou Li , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

Recent work on activation and latent steering has demonstrated that modifying internal representations can effectively guide large language models (LLMs) toward improved reasoning and efficiency without additional training. However, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Tuc Nguyen , Thai Le