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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in decision-making tasks, where not only accuracy but also reliable confidence estimates are essential. Well-calibrated confidence enables downstream systems to decide when to trust a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Duygu Nur Yaldiz , Evangelia Spiliopoulou , Zheng Qi , Siddharth Varia , Srikanth Doss , Nikolaos Pappas

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward (RLVR) is a powerful method for enhancing the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models, but its full potential is limited by a lack of exploration in two key areas: Depth (the difficulty of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zhicheng Yang , Zhijiang Guo , Yinya Huang , Yongxin Wang , Dongchun Xie , Hanhui Li , Yiwei Wang , Xiaodan Liang , Jing Tang

The recent DeepSeek-R1 release has demonstrated the immense potential of reinforcement learning (RL) in enhancing the general reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). While DeepSeek-R1 and other follow-up work primarily focus…

Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly applied to tasks in language understanding and interactive decision-making, with their impressive performance largely attributed to the extensive domain knowledge embedded within them.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Zhiyuan Sun , Haochen Shi , Marc-Alexandre Côté , Glen Berseth , Xingdi Yuan , Bang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in reasoning capabilities empowered by Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). Nonetheless, RLVR intrinsically relies on ground-truth labels for reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Li Wang , Xiaodong Lu , Xiaohan Wang , Yikun Ban , Jiajun Chai , Wei Lin , Tianhao Peng , Guojun Yin

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) integrates external knowledge with Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance factual correctness and mitigate hallucination. However, dense retrievers often become the bottleneck of RAG systems due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yuan Li , Qi Luo , Xiaonan Li , Bufan Li , Qinyuan Cheng , Bo Wang , Yining Zheng , Yuxin Wang , Zhangyue Yin , Xipeng Qiu

The quest for expert-level reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs) has been hampered by a persistent \textit{reward bottleneck}: traditional reinforcement learning (RL) relies on scalar rewards that are \textbf{costly} to scale,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Yiwen Duan , Jing Ye , Xinpei Zhao

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards~(RLVR) has emerged as a powerful learn-to-reason paradigm for large reasoning models to tackle complex tasks. However, the current RLVR paradigm is still not efficient enough, as it works in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Junjie Zhang , Guozheng Ma , Shunyu Liu , Haoyu Wang , Jiaxing Huang , Ting-En Lin , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li , Dacheng Tao

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward (RLVR) is empirically shown to notably enhance the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs), particularly in mathematics and programming. However, the mechanistic role of Sample…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yue Cheng , Jiajun Zhang , Xiaohui Gao , Weiwei Xing , Zheng Wang , Zhanxing Zhu

Recent strides in large language models (LLMs) have yielded remarkable performance, leveraging reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) to significantly enhance generation and alignment capabilities. However, RLHF encounters…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Kuo Liao , Shuang Li , Meng Zhao , Liqun Liu , Mengge Xue , Zhenyu Hu , Honglin Han , Chengguo Yin

Recent advances in aligning Large Language Models with human preferences have benefited from larger reward models and better preference data. However, most of these methodologies rely on the accuracy of the reward model. The reward models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Debangshu Banerjee , Aditya Gopalan

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms have achieved great success on sequential decision-making problems, yet is criticized for the lack of data-efficiency and explainability. Especially, explainability of subtasks is critical in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Daoming Lyu

Most reinforcement learning (RL) methods for training large language models (LLMs) require ground-truth labels or task-specific verifiers, limiting scalability when correctness is ambiguous or expensive to obtain. We introduce Reinforcement…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Micah Rentschler , Jesse Roberts

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach for robotic navigation, allowing robots to learn through trial and error. However, real-world robotic tasks often suffer from sparse rewards, leading to inefficient exploration and…

Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning for complex tasks inherently involves a trade-off between solution accuracy and computational efficiency. The subsequent step of verification, while intended to improve performance, further complicates…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Jianyuan Zhong , Zeju Li , Zhijian Xu , Xiangyu Wen , Kezhi Li , Qiang Xu

Discovering causal structure among a set of variables is a fundamental problem in many empirical sciences. Traditional score-based casual discovery methods rely on various local heuristics to search for a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Shengyu Zhu , Ignavier Ng , Zhitang Chen

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve impressive reasoning capabilities by generating lengthy chain-of-thoughts, but this "overthinking" incurs high latency and cost without commensurate accuracy gains. In this work, we introduce AALC, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Ruosen Li , Ziming Luo , Quan Zhang , Ruochen Li , Ben Zhou , Ali Payani , Xinya Du

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become a widely adopted technique for enhancing the reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the effectiveness of RLVR strongly depends on the capability of base…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zishang Jiang , Jinyi Han , Tingyun Li , Xinyi Wang , Sihang Jiang , Jiaqing Liang , Zhaoqian Dai , Shuguang Ma , Fei Yu , Yanghua Xiao

Exploration in reinforcement learning is a challenging problem: in the worst case, the agent must search for high-reward states that could be hidden anywhere in the state space. Can we define a more tractable class of RL problems, where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Kevin Li , Abhishek Gupta , Ashwin Reddy , Vitchyr Pong , Aurick Zhou , Justin Yu , Sergey Levine

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach for robotic manipulation, but it can suffer from low sample efficiency and requires extensive exploration of large state-action spaces. Recent methods leverage the commonsense knowledge…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jelle Luijkx , Runyu Ma , Zlatan Ajanović , Jens Kober