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We propose the Mixture of Frozen Experts (MoFE) architecture, which integrates Parameter-efficient Fine-tuning (PEFT) and the Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture to enhance both training efficiency and model scalability. By freezing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Jean Seo , Jaeyoon Kim , Hyopil Shin

The solid acids CsH$_2$PO$_4$ and Cs$_7$(H$_4$PO$_4$)(H$_2$PO$_4$)$_8$ pose significant challenges for the simulation of proton transport phenomena. In this work, we use the recently developed machine-learned force field (MLFF) MACE to…

Machine learning force fields (MLFFs) are an attractive alternative to ab-initio methods for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. However, they can produce unstable simulations, limiting their ability to model phenomena occurring over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Sanjeev Raja , Ishan Amin , Fabian Pedregosa , Aditi S. Krishnapriyan

A force field as accurate as quantum mechanics (QM) and as fast as molecular mechanics (MM), with which one can simulate a biomolecular system efficiently enough and meaningfully enough to get quantitative insights, is among the most ardent…

Machine learning force fields (MLFFs) are gradually evolving towards enabling molecular dynamics simulations of molecules and materials with ab initio accuracy but at a small fraction of the computational cost. However, several challenges…

Machine learning force fields enable high-accuracy modeling of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs). This perspective evaluates dataset size, reference quality, and model architectures. We show that rigid SSE frameworks favor efficient learning,…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-03-10 Zihan Yan , Shengjie Tang , Yizhou Zhu

Machine-learned force fields have generated significant interest in recent years as a tool for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, with the aim of developing accurate and efficient models that can replace classical interatomic potentials.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Shaswat Mohanty , Sanghyuk Yoo , Keonwook Kang , Wei Cai

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations allow atomistic insights into chemical and biological processes. Accurate MD simulations require computationally demanding quantum-mechanical calculations, being practically limited to short timescales…

Electronic structure methods offer in principle accurate predictions of molecular properties, however, their applicability is limited by computational costs. Empirical methods are cheaper, but come with inherent approximations and are…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-11-16 Moritz Thürlemann , Sereina Riniker

The power of foundation models (FMs) lies in their capacity to learn highly expressive representations that can be adapted to a broad spectrum of tasks. However, these pretrained models require additional training stages to become effective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Jacob L. Block , Sundararajan Srinivasan , Liam Collins , Aryan Mokhtari , Sanjay Shakkottai

The rapid evolution of molecular dynamics (MD) methods, including machine-learned dynamics, has outpaced the development of standardized tools for method validation. Objective comparison between simulation approaches is often hindered by…

Machine-learned interatomic potentials (MLIPs) and force fields (i.e. interaction laws for atoms and molecules) are typically trained on limited data-sets that cover only a very small section of the full space of possible input structures.…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-09-13 Christoph Ortner , Yangshuai Wang

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are an incredibly diverse group of highly porous hybrid materials, which are interesting for a wide range of possible applications. For a reliable description of many of their properties accurate…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-11-26 Sandro Wieser , Egbert Zojer

Machine learning force fields (MLFFs), which employ neural networks to map atomic structures to system energies, effectively combine the high accuracy of first-principles calculation with the computational efficiency of empirical force…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Guangyi Dong , Zhihui Wang

Modern machine learning force fields (ML-FF) are able to yield energy and force predictions at the accuracy of high-level $ab~initio$ methods, but at a much lower computational cost. On the other hand, classical molecular mechanics force…

Foundation models leverage large-scale pretraining to capture extensive knowledge, demonstrating generalization in a wide range of language tasks. By comparison, vision foundation models (VFMs) often exhibit uneven improvements across…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Shiqi Huang , Yipei Wang , Natasha Thorley , Alexander Ng , Shaheer Saeed , Mark Emberton , Shonit Punwani , Veeru Kasivisvanathan , Dean Barratt , Daniel Alexander , Yipeng Hu

Creating a single unified interatomic potential capable of attaining ab initio accuracy across all chemistry remains a long-standing challenge in computational chemistry and materials science. This work introduces a training protocol for…

Machine learning (ML) force fields have emerged as a powerful tool for computing materials properties at finite temperatures, particularly in regimes where traditional phonon-based perturbation theories fail or cannot be extended beyond the…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-01-30 Martin Callsen , Tai-Ting Lee , Mei-Yin Chou

Machine learning force fields (MLFFs) are powerful tools for materials modeling, but their performance is often limited by training dataset quality, particularly the lack of rare event configurations. This limitation undermines their…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-04-23 Zihan Yan , Zheyong Fan , Yizhou Zhu

Machine Learning (ML)-based force fields are attracting ever-increasing interest due to their capacity to span spatiotemporal scales of classical interatomic potentials at quantum-level accuracy. They can be trained based on high-fidelity…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-06-03 Sebastien Röcken , Julija Zavadlav