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The emergence of large-scale Mixture of Experts (MoE) models represents a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, offering enhanced model capacity and computational efficiency through conditional computation. However, deploying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Jiacheng Liu , Peng Tang , Wenfeng Wang , Yuhang Ren , Xiaofeng Hou , Pheng-Ann Heng , Minyi Guo , Chao Li

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enable sparse expert activation, meaning that only a subset of the model's parameters is used during each inference. However, to translate this sparsity into practical performance, an expert caching mechanism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Duc Hoang , Ajay Jaiswal , Mohammad Samragh , Minsik Cho

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have gained popularity in achieving state-of-the-art performance in a wide range of tasks in computer vision and natural language processing. They effectively expand the model capacity while incurring a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Haiyang Huang , Newsha Ardalani , Anna Sun , Liu Ke , Hsien-Hsin S. Lee , Anjali Sridhar , Shruti Bhosale , Carole-Jean Wu , Benjamin Lee

With the widespread adoption of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, there is a growing demand for efficient inference on memory-constrained devices. While offloading expert parameters to CPU memory and loading activated experts on demand has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yuxin Zhou , Zheng Li , Jun Zhang , Jue Wang , Yiping Wang , Zhongle Xie , Ke Chen , Lidan Shou

The expansion of large language models is increasingly limited by the constrained memory capacity of modern GPUs. To mitigate this, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures activate only a small portion of parameters during inference,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Zixu Shen , Kexin Chu , Yifan Zhang , Dawei Xiang , Runxin Wu , Wei Zhang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models improve the scalability of large language models (LLMs) by activating only a small subset of relevant experts per input. However, the sheer number of expert networks in an MoE model introduces a significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Qian Chen , Xianhao Chen , Kaibin Huang

The immense model sizes of large language models (LLMs) challenge deployment on memory-limited consumer GPUs. Although model compression and parameter offloading are common strategies to address memory limitations, compression can degrade…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Pei-Shuo Wang , Jian-Jia Chen , Chun-Che Yang , Chi-Chih Chang , Ning-Chi Huang , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah , Kai-Chiang Wu

Recently, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have gained attention for efficiently scaling large language models. Although these models are extremely large, their sparse activation enables inference to be performed by accessing only a fraction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Byeongju Kim , Jungwan Lee , Donghyeon Han , Hoi-Jun Yoo , Sangyeob Kim

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have recently demonstrated exceptional performance across a diverse range of applications. The principle of sparse activation in MoE models facilitates an offloading strategy, wherein active experts are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Yushu Zhao , Yubin Qin , Yang Wang , Xiaolong Yang , Huiming Han , Shaojun Wei , Yang Hu , Shouyi Yin

Early exiting has recently emerged as a promising technique for accelerating large language models (LLMs) by effectively reducing the hardware computation and memory access. In this paper, we present SpecEE, a fast LLM inference engine with…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Jiaming Xu , Jiayi Pan , Yongkang Zhou , Siming Chen , Jinhao Li , Yaoxiu Lian , Junyi Wu , Guohao Dai

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, though highly effective for various machine learning tasks, face significant deployment challenges on memory-constrained devices. While GPUs offer fast inference, their limited memory compared to CPUs means…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yujie Zhang , Shivam Aggarwal , Tulika Mitra

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), many deep learning practitioners are looking for strategies of running these models more efficiently. One such strategy is to use sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) - a type of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Artyom Eliseev , Denis Mazur

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) activates only a subset of experts during inference, allowing the model to maintain low inference FLOPs and latency even as the parameter count scales up. However, since MoE dynamically selects the experts, all the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Shibo Jie , Yehui Tang , Kai Han , Yitong Li , Duyu Tang , Zhi-Hong Deng , Yunhe Wang

Mixture of experts (MoE) models achieve state-of-the-art results in language modeling but suffer from inefficient hardware utilization due to imbalanced token routing and communication overhead. While prior work has focused on optimizing…

In large language models like the Generative Pre-trained Transformer, the Mixture of Experts paradigm has emerged as a powerful technique for enhancing model expressiveness and accuracy. However, deploying GPT MoE models for parallel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Jinghan Yao , Quentin Anthony , Aamir Shafi , Hari Subramoni , Dhabaleswar K. , Panda

Recent advancements in speculative decoding have demonstrated considerable speedup across a wide array of large language model (LLM) tasks. Speculative decoding inherently relies on sacrificing extra memory allocations to generate several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Selin Yildirim , Deming Chen

In recent years, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing the capacity of deep neural network (DNN) with sub-linear computational costs. However, storing all experts on GPUs incurs significant memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Suraiya Tairin , Shohaib Mahmud , Haiying Shen , Anand Iyer

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale large language models through conditional computation, but inference becomes memory-bound once expert weights exceed the capacity of GPU memory. In this case, weights must be offloaded to external…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Zehao Fan , Zhenyu Liu , Yunzhen Liu , Yayue Hou , Hadjer Benmeziane , Kaoutar El Maghraoui , Liu Liu

The mixture-of-experts (MoE) architecture scales model size with sublinear computational increase but suffers from memory-intensive inference due to KV caches and sparse expert activation. Recent disaggregated expert parallelism (DEP)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Xinglin Pan , Shaohuai Shi , Wenxiang Lin , Yuxin Wang , Zhenheng Tang , Wei Wang , Xiaowen Chu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained immense success in revolutionizing various applications, including content generation, search and recommendation, and AI-assisted operation. To reduce high training costs, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hanfei Yu , Xingqi Cui , Hong Zhang , Hao Wang , Hao Wang