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We show that the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem is classically at least as hard as standard worst-case lattice problems, even with polynomial modulus. Previously this was only known under quantum reductions. Our techniques capture the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-06-04 Zvika Brakerski , Adeline Langlois , Chris Peikert , Oded Regev , Damien Stehlé

Learning with Errors is one of the fundamental problems in computational learning theory and has in the last years become the cornerstone of post-quantum cryptography. In this work, we study the quantum sample complexity of Learning with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-27 Alex B. Grilo , Iordanis Kerenidis , Timo Zijlstra

The "Ring Learning with Errors" (RLWE) problem was formulated as a variant of the "Learning with Errors" (LWE) problem, with the purpose of taking advantage of an additional algebraic structure in the underlying considered lattices; this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-02-05 Alberto Pedrouzo-Ulloa , Juan Ramón Troncoso-Pastoriza , Fernando Pérez-González

Some hard problems from lattices, like LWE (Learning with Errors), are particularly suitable for application in Cryptography due to the possibility of using worst-case to average-case reductions as evidence of strong security properties. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-04-18 Rosemberg Silva , Antonio Campello , Ricardo Dahab

The Learning with Errors (LWE) problem is the fundamental backbone of modern lattice based cryptography, allowing one to establish cryptography on the hardness of well-studied computational problems. However, schemes based on LWE are often…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Charles Grover , Cong Ling , Roope Vehkalahti

The Ring Learning-With-Errors (LWE) problem, whose security is based on hard ideal lattice problems, has proven to be a promising primitive with diverse applications in cryptography. There are however recent discoveries of faster algorithms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-06-22 Qi Cheng , Jun Zhang , Jincheng Zhuang

Learning with Errors (LWE) problems are the foundations for numerous applications in lattice-based cryptography and are provably as hard as approximate lattice problems in the worst case. Here we present a reduction from LWE problem to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-05 Fada Li , Wansu Bao , Xiangqun Fu , Yuchao Zhang , Tan Li

Our main result is a quantum public-key encryption scheme based on the Extrapolated Dihedral Coset problem (EDCP) which is equivalent, under quantum polynomial-time reductions, to the Learning With Errors (LWE) problem. For limited number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-28 Javad Doliskani

The Learning with Errors (LWE) problem underlies modern lattice-based cryptography and is assumed to be quantum hard. Recent results show that estimating entanglement entropy is as hard as LWE, creating tension with quantum gravity and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 Yunfei Wang , Xin Jin , Junyu Liu

Lattice-based cryptography is a foundation for post-quantum security, with the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem as a core component in key exchange, encryption, and homomorphic computation. Structured variants like Ring-LWE (RLWE) and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Dongfang Zhao

As quantum computing advances rapidly, guaranteeing the security of cryptographic protocols resistant to quantum attacks is paramount. Some leading candidate cryptosystems use the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem, attractive for its…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Liljana Babinkostova , Ariana Chin , Aaron Kirtland , Vladyslav Nazarchuk , Esther Plotnick

We introduce a continuous analogue of the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem, which we name CLWE. We give a polynomial-time quantum reduction from worst-case lattice problems to CLWE, showing that CLWE enjoys similar hardness guarantees to…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Joan Bruna , Oded Regev , Min Jae Song , Yi Tang

Our main result is a reduction from worst-case lattice problems such as GapSVP and SIVP to a certain learning problem. This learning problem is a natural extension of the `learning from parity with error' problem to higher moduli. It can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Oded Regev

Currently deployed public-key cryptosystems will be vulnerable to attacks by full-scale quantum computers. Consequently, "quantum resistant" cryptosystems are in high demand, and lattice-based cryptosystems, based on a hard problem known as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Emily Wenger , Mingjie Chen , François Charton , Kristin Lauter

We propose a symmetric key homomorphic encryption scheme based on the evaluation of multivariate polynomials over a finite field. The proposed scheme is somewhat homomorphic with respect to addition and multiplication. Further, we define a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-18 Uddipana Dowerah , Srinivasan Krishnaswamy

The Learning with Errors (LWE) problem is a hard math problem in lattice-based cryptography. In the simplest case of binary secrets, it is the subset sum problem, with error. Effective ML attacks on LWE were demonstrated in the case of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Alberto Alfarano , Eshika Saxena , Emily Wenger , François Charton , Kristin Lauter

We propose a new learning-based approach to solve ill-posed inverse problems in imaging. We address the case where ground truth training samples are rare and the problem is severely ill-posed - both because of the underlying physics and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-07 Sidharth Gupta , Konik Kothari , Maarten V. de Hoop , Ivan Dokmanić

Learning with Errors (LWE) is a hard math problem underlying recently standardized post-quantum cryptography (PQC) systems for key exchange and digital signatures. Prior work proposed new machine learning (ML)-based attacks on LWE problems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Samuel Stevens , Emily Wenger , Cathy Li , Niklas Nolte , Eshika Saxena , François Charton , Kristin Lauter

This article describes a post-quantum multirecipient symmetric cryptosystem whose security is based on the hardness of the LWE problem. In this scheme a single sender encrypts multiple messages for multiple recipients generating a single…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Saikat Gope , Srinivasan Krishnaswamy , Chayan Bhawal

At ASIACRYPT 2018, a digital attack based on linear least squares was introduced for a variant of the learning with errors (LWE) problem which omits modular reduction known as the integer learning with errors problem (ILWE). In this paper,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Kyle Yates , Antsa Pierrottet , Abdullah Al Mamun , Ryann Cartor , Mashrur Chowdhury , Shuhong Gao
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