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Large-scale language models have achieved tremendous success across various natural language processing (NLP) applications. Nevertheless, language models are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, which inject stealthy triggers into models for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Yujin Huang , Terry Yue Zhuo , Qiongkai Xu , Han Hu , Xingliang Yuan , Chunyang Chen

Deep Learning (DL) is vulnerable to out-of-distribution and adversarial examples resulting in incorrect outputs. To make DL more robust, several posthoc (or runtime) anomaly detection techniques to detect (and discard) these anomalous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Saikiran Bulusu , Bhavya Kailkhura , Bo Li , Pramod K. Varshney , Dawn Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to be vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where triggers embedded in poisoned samples can maliciously alter LLMs' behaviors. In this paper, we move beyond attacking LLMs and instead examine backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Huaizhi Ge , Yiming Li , Qifan Wang , Yongfeng Zhang , Ruixiang Tang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have gain its popularity in various scenarios in recent years. However, its excellent ability of fitting complex functions also makes it vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Specifically, a backdoor can remain hidden…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Xinrui Liu , Yu-an Tan , Yajie Wang , Kefan Qiu , Yuanzhang Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have greatly advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly through instruction tuning, which enables broad task generalization without additional fine-tuning. However, their reliance on large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 San Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have demonstrated their superiority in practice. Arguably, the rapid development of DNNs is largely benefited from high-quality (open-sourced) datasets, based on which researchers and developers can easily…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Yiming Li , Yang Bai , Yong Jiang , Yong Yang , Shu-Tao Xia , Bo Li

Backdoor attacks have severely threatened deep neural network (DNN) models in the past several years. These attacks can occur in almost every stage of the deep learning pipeline. Although the attacked model behaves normally on benign…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Yangming Chen

Backdoor attacks pose a serious security threat for training neural networks as they surreptitiously introduce hidden functionalities into a model. Such backdoors remain silent during inference on clean inputs, evading detection due to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Lukas Struppek , Martin B. Hentschel , Clifton Poth , Dominik Hintersdorf , Kristian Kersting

Recent studies have shown that deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where a designed trigger is injected into the dataset, causing erroneous predictions when activated. In this paper, we propose a novel defense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Wenjie Huo , Katinka Wolter

Training-data poisoning attacks can induce targeted, undetectable failure in deep neural networks by corrupting a vanishingly small fraction of training labels. We demonstrate this on acoustic vehicle classification using the MELAUDIS urban…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Harrison Dahme

Recently, self-supervised learning (SSL) was shown to be vulnerable to patch-based data poisoning backdoor attacks. It was shown that an adversary can poison a small part of the unlabeled data so that when a victim trains an SSL model on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Ajinkya Tejankar , Maziar Sanjabi , Qifan Wang , Sinong Wang , Hamed Firooz , Hamed Pirsiavash , Liang Tan

Recently, backdoor attacks pose a new security threat to the training process of deep neural networks (DNNs). Attackers intend to inject hidden backdoors into DNNs, such that the attacked model performs well on benign samples, whereas its…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Yuezun Li , Yiming Li , Baoyuan Wu , Longkang Li , Ran He , Siwei Lyu

Natural language processing (NLP) systems have been proven to be vulnerable to backdoor attacks, whereby hidden features (backdoors) are trained into a language model and may only be activated by specific inputs (called triggers), to trick…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Shaofeng Li , Hui Liu , Tian Dong , Benjamin Zi Hao Zhao , Minhui Xue , Haojin Zhu , Jialiang Lu

Backdoor attacks are a kind of emergent security threat in deep learning. After being injected with a backdoor, a deep neural model will behave normally on standard inputs but give adversary-specified predictions once the input contains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Yangyi Chen , Fanchao Qi , Hongcheng Gao , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Neural code models (NCMs) have demonstrated extraordinary capabilities in code intelligence tasks. Meanwhile, the security of NCMs and NCMs-based systems has garnered increasing attention. In particular, NCMs are often trained on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Weisong Sun , Yuchen Chen , Mengzhe Yuan , Chunrong Fang , Zhenpeng Chen , Chong Wang , Yang Liu , Baowen Xu , Zhenyu Chen

Advances in distributed machine learning can empower future communications and networking. The emergence of federated learning (FL) has provided an efficient framework for distributed machine learning, which, however, still faces many…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Zhilin Wang , Qiao Kang , Xinyi Zhang , Qin Hu

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems are vulnerable to attacks that inject poisoned passages into the retrieved context, even at low corruption rates. We show that existing attacks are not designed to be stealthy, allowing reliable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Sarthak Choudhary , Nils Palumbo , Ashish Hooda , Krishnamurthy Dj Dvijotham , Somesh Jha

The growing reliance of intelligent systems on data makes the systems vulnerable to data poisoning attacks. Such attacks could compromise machine learning or deep learning models by disrupting the input data. Previous studies on data…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-19 Xin Wang , Feilong Wang , Yuan Hong , R. Tyrrell Rockafellar , Xuegang , Ban

With tools like GitHub Copilot, automatic code suggestion is no longer a dream in software engineering. These tools, based on large language models, are typically trained on massive corpora of code mined from unvetted public sources. As a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Hojjat Aghakhani , Wei Dai , Andre Manoel , Xavier Fernandes , Anant Kharkar , Christopher Kruegel , Giovanni Vigna , David Evans , Ben Zorn , Robert Sim

In this work we present a formal theoretical framework for assessing and analyzing two classes of malevolent action towards generic Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. Our results apply to general multi-class classifiers that map from an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Ivan Y. Tyukin , Desmond J. Higham , Alexander N. Gorban