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Programmers often reuse code from source code repositories to reduce the development effort. Code clones are candidates for reuse in exploratory or rapid development, as they represent often repeated functionality in software systems. To…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Muhammad Hammad , Önder Babur , Hamid Abdul Basit , Mark van den Brand

Code embeddings are essential for semantic code search; however, current approaches often struggle to capture the precise syntactic and contextual nuances inherent in code. Open-source models such as CodeBERT and UniXcoder exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Saumya Chaturvedi , Aman Chadha , Laurent Bindschaedler

A popular natural language processing task decades ago, word alignment has been dominated until recently by GIZA++, a statistical method based on the 30-year-old IBM models. New methods that outperform GIZA++ primarily rely on large machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Kelly Marchisio , Conghao Xiong , Philipp Koehn

Despite the success of text retrieval in many NLP tasks, code retrieval remains a largely underexplored area. Most text retrieval systems are tailored for natural language queries, often neglecting the specific challenges of retrieving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Ye Liu , Rui Meng , Shafiq Joty , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

We frame embedding inversion as conditional masked diffusion, recovering all tokens in parallel through iterative denoising rather than sequential autoregressive generation. A masked diffusion language model is conditioned on the target…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Han Xiao

In the large language model (LLM) revolution, embedding is a key component of various systems, such as retrieving knowledge or memories for LLMs or building content moderation filters. As such cases span from English to other natural or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Xin Zhang , Zehan Li , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Pengjun Xie , Meishan Zhang , Min Zhang

Recent recommender systems increasingly leverage embeddings from large pre-trained language models (PLMs). However, such embeddings exhibit two key limitations: (1) PLMs are not explicitly optimized to produce structured and discriminative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Guy Hadad , Neomi Rabaev , Bracha Shapira

Topic models are a useful analysis tool to uncover the underlying themes within document collections. The dominant approach is to use probabilistic topic models that posit a generative story, but in this paper we propose an alternative way…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Suzanna Sia , Ayush Dalmia , Sabrina J. Mielke

Text embedding representing natural language documents in a semantic vector space can be used for document retrieval using nearest neighbor lookup. In order to study the feasibility of neural models specialized for retrieval in a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Tolgahan Cakaloglu , Christian Szegedy , Xiaowei Xu

Recently, code language models have achieved notable advancements in addressing a diverse array of essential code comprehension and generation tasks. Yet, the field lacks a comprehensive deep dive and understanding of the code embeddings of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Saiteja Utpala , Alex Gu , Pin Yu Chen

Many use cases require retrieving smaller portions of text, and dense vector-based retrieval systems often perform better with shorter text segments, as the semantics are less likely to be over-compressed in the embeddings. Consequently,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Michael Günther , Isabelle Mohr , Daniel James Williams , Bo Wang , Han Xiao

The ability of machine learning models to store input information in hidden layer vector embeddings, analogous to the concept of `memory', is widely employed but not well characterized. We find that language model embeddings typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Benjamin L. Badger

Tandem duplication is the process of inserting a copy of a segment of DNA adjacent to the original position. Motivated by applications that store data in living organisms, Jain et al. (2017) proposed the study of codes that correct tandem…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-01-09 Yeow Meng Chee , Johan Chrisnata , Han Mao Kiah , Tuan Thanh Nguyen

Word embeddings are widely used in Natural Language Processing, mainly due to their success in capturing semantic information from massive corpora. However, their creation process does not allow the different meanings of a word to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-22 Massimiliano Mancini , Jose Camacho-Collados , Ignacio Iacobacci , Roberto Navigli

Distilling knowledge from a well-trained cumbersome network to a small one has recently become a new research topic, as lightweight neural networks with high performance are particularly in need in various resource-restricted systems. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-07-26 Lili Mou , Ran Jia , Yan Xu , Ge Li , Lu Zhang , Zhi Jin

Within the realm of advanced code retrieval, existing methods have primarily relied on intricate matching and attention-based mechanisms. However, these methods often lead to computational and memory inefficiencies, posing a significant…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Xunzhu Tang , zhenghan Chen , Saad Ezzini , Haoye Tian , Yewei Song , Jacques Klein , Tegawende F. Bissyande

Genomic Foundation Models (GFMs) typically rely on Masked Language Modeling (MLM) or Next-Token Prediction (NTP) to learn the "Laws of Nature". While effective at capturing local syntax, these generative paradigms prioritize token-level…

Unified multimodal models typically rely on pretrained vision encoders and use separate visual representations for understanding and generation, creating misalignment between the two tasks and preventing fully end-to-end optimization from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhiheng Liu , Weiming Ren , Xiaoke Huang , Shoufa Chen , Tianhong Li , Mengzhao Chen , Yatai Ji , Sen He , Jonas Schult , Belinda Zeng , Tao Xiang , Wenhu Chen , Ping Luo , Luke Zettlemoyer , Yuren Cong

As text and code resources have expanded, large-scale pre-trained models have shown promising capabilities in code generation tasks, typically employing supervised fine-tuning with problem statement-program pairs. However, increasing model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Nathanaël Beau , Benoît Crabbé

Modern deep learning-based recommendation systems exploit hundreds to thousands of different categorical features, each with millions of different categories ranging from clicks to posts. To respect the natural diversity within the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Hao-Jun Michael Shi , Dheevatsa Mudigere , Maxim Naumov , Jiyan Yang