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Web client fingerprinting has become a widely used technique for uniquely identifying users, browsers, operating systems, and devices with high accuracy. While it is beneficial for applications such as fraud detection and personalized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Mordechai Guri , Dor Fibert

WebAssembly (Wasm) is an emerging binary format that draws great attention from our community. However, Wasm binaries are weakly protected, as they can be read, edited, and manipulated by adversaries using either the officially provided…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Shangtong Cao , Ningyu He , Yao Guo , Haoyu Wang

The growth in the adoption of the WebAssembly (WASM) standard has given rise to a rapidly increasing landscape of binary applications that are natively ported to the environment of websites. The flexibility of WASM has made it the preferred…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Lorenzo Corrias , Lorenzo Pisu , Davide Maiorca , Giorgio Giacinto

In recent years, stealthy Android malware has increasingly adopted sophisticated techniques to bypass automatic detection mechanisms and harden manual analysis. Adversaries typically rely on obfuscation, anti-repacking, steganography,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Diego Soi , Silvia Lucia Sanna , Lorenzo Pisu , Leonardo Regano , Giorgio Giacinto

WebAssembly has gained significant traction as a high-performance, secure, and portable compilation target for the Web and beyond. However, its growing adoption has also introduced new security challenges. One such threat is cryptojacking,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Håkon Harnes , Donn Morrison

As JavaScript has been criticized for performance and security issues in web applications, WebAssembly (Wasm) was proposed in 2017 and is regarded as the complementation for JavaScript. Due to its advantages like compact-size, native-like…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Ningyu He , Shangtong Cao , Haoyu Wang , Yao Guo , Xiapu Luo

WebAssembly is revolutionizing the approach to developing modern applications. Although this technology was born to create portable and performant modules in web browsers, currently, its capabilities are extensively exploited in multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Gaetano Perrone , Simon Pietro Romano

As the web moves away from stateful tracking, browser fingerprinting is becoming more prevalent. Unfortunately, existing approaches to detect browser fingerprinting do not take into account potential evasion tactics such as code…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Ray Ngan , Surya Konkimalla , Zubair Shafiq

WebAssembly, or Wasm, is a low-level binary language that enables execution of near-native-performance code in web browsers. Wasm has proven to be useful in applications including gaming, audio and video processing, and cloud computing,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Mohammad Robati Shirzad , Patrick Lam

WebAssembly (Wasm) is a next-generation portable compilation target for deploying applications written in high-level languages on the web. In order to protect their memory from untrusted code, web browser engines confine the execution of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Marco Vassena , Marco Patrignani

Code obfuscation is widely adopted in modern software development to protect intellectual property and hinder reverse engineering, but it also provides attackers with a powerful means to conceal malicious logic inside otherwise legitimate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Francesco Pagano , Lorenzo Pisu , Leonardo Regano , Davide Maiorca , Alessio Merlo , Giorgio Giacinto

The emergence of WebAssembly allows attackers to hide the malicious functionalities of JavaScript malware in cross-language interoperations, termed JavaScript-WebAssembly multilingual malware (JWMM). However, existing anti-virus solutions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Yifan Xia , Ping He , Xuhong Zhang , Peiyu Liu , Shouling Ji , Wenhai Wang

WebAssembly (Wasm) is a low-level binary format for web applications, which has found widespread adoption due to its improved performance and compatibility with existing software. However, the popularity of Wasm has also led to its…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Nils Loose , Felix Mächtle , Claudius Pott , Volodymyr Bezsmertnyi , Thomas Eisenbarth

WebAssembly is a low-level bytecode language designed for client-side execution in web browsers. The need for decompilation techniques that recover high-level source code from WASM binaries has grown as WASM continues to gain widespread…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Wei-Cheng Wu , Yutian Yan , Hallgrimur David Egilsson , David Park , Steven Chan , Christophe Hauser , Weihang Wang

WebAssembly has become a crucial part of the modern web, offering a faster alternative to JavaScript in browsers. While boosting rich applications in browser, this technology is also very efficient to develop cryptojacking malware. This has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Javier Cabrera-Arteaga , Martin Monperrus , Tim Toady , Benoit Baudry

WebAssembly is a low-level bytecode language that allows high-level languages like C, C++, and Rust to be executed in the browser at near-native performance. In recent years, WebAssembly has gained widespread adoption is now natively…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Håkon Harnes , Donn Morrison

WebAssembly (abbreviated as Wasm) was initially introduced for the Web but quickly extended its reach into various domains beyond the Web. To create Wasm applications, developers can compile high-level programming languages into Wasm…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Yixuan Zhang , Mugeng Liu , Haoyu Wang , Yun Ma , Gang Huang , Xuanzhe Liu

Website fingerprinting (WF) attacks, usually conducted with the help of a machine learning-based classifier, enable a network eavesdropper to pinpoint which web page a user is accessing through the inspection of traffic patterns. These…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Alexander Veicht , Cedric Renggli , Diogo Barradas

WebAssembly (wasm) has recently emerged as a promisingly portable, size-efficient, fast, and safe binary format for the web. As WebAssembly can interact freely with JavaScript libraries, this gives rise to a potential for undesirable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-02-06 William Fu , Raymond Lin , Daniel Inge

The security of modern JavaScript (JS) engines is critical since they provide the primary defense mechanism for executing untrusted code on the web. The recent integration of WebAssembly (Wasm) has transformed these engines into complex…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Lingming Zhang , Binbin Zhao , Puzhuo Liu , Qinge Xie , Peng Di , Jianhai Chen , Shouling Ji
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