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Related papers: Adaptive LLM Routing under Budget Constraints

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In real-world machine learning applications, there is a cost associated with sampling of different features. Budgeted learning can be used to select which feature-values to acquire from each instance in a dataset, such that the best model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Eran Fainman , Bracha Shapira , Lior Rokach , Yisroel Mirsky

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have made reasoning a central benchmark for evaluating intelligence. While prior surveys focus on efficiency by examining how to shorten reasoning chains or reduce computation, this view…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Chao Wu , Baoheng Li , Mingchen Gao , Yu Tian , Zhenyi Wang

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) with varying computational costs and performance profiles presents a critical challenge for scalable, cost-effective deployment in real-world applications. We introduce a unified routing…

This paper revisits the LLM cache bandit problem, with a special focus on addressing the query heterogeneity for cost-effective LLM inference. Previous works often assume uniform query sizes. Heterogeneous query sizes introduce a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Hantao Yang , Hong Xie , Defu Lian , Enhong Chen

The rapid pace at which new large language models (LLMs) appear, and older ones become obsolete, forces providers to manage a streaming inventory under a strict concurrency cap and per-query cost budgets. We cast this as an online decision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Shaoang Li , Jian Li

Increasing demand for Large Language Models (LLMs) services imposes substantial deployment and computation costs on providers. LLM routing offers a cost-efficient solution by directing queries to the optimal LLM based on model and query…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Fangzhou Wu , Sandeep Silwal

With rapid advances in code generation, reasoning, and problem-solving, Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in robotics. Most existing work focuses on high-level tasks such as task decomposition. A few studies have…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Zhongchao Zhou , Yuxi Lu , Yaonan Zhu , Yifan Zhao , Bin He , Liang He , Wenwen Yu , Yusuke Iwasawa

The scaling laws have become the de facto guidelines for designing large language models (LLMs), but they were studied under the assumption of unlimited computing resources for both training and inference. As LLMs are increasingly used as…

This study investigates the use of NeuralUCB for cost-aware large language model (LLM) routing. Existing routing approaches can be broadly grouped into supervised routing methods and partial-feedback methods, each with different tradeoffs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Ming-Hua Tsai , Phat Tran

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at in-context learning (ICL), a supervised learning technique that relies on adding annotated examples to the model context. We investigate a contextual bandit version of in-context reinforcement learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Giovanni Monea , Antoine Bosselut , Kianté Brantley , Yoav Artzi

Large language models (LLMs) have become powerful and widely used systems for language understanding and generation, while multi-armed bandit (MAB) algorithms provide a principled framework for adaptive decision-making under uncertainty.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Siguang Chen , Chunli Lv , Miao Xie

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in social science simulations. While their performance on reasoning and optimization tasks has been extensively evaluated, less attention has been paid to their ability to simulate human…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yuanjun Feng , Vivek Choudhary , Yash Raj Shrestha

Travel behavior prediction is a core problem in transportation demand management and is traditionally addressed using numerical models calibrated on observed data. With recent advances in large language models (LLMs), new opportunities have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Baichuan Mo , Hanyong Xu , Ruoyun Ma , Jung-Hoon Cho , Dingyi Zhuang , Xiaotong Guo , Jinhua Zhao

Prompt-based offline methods are commonly used to optimize large language model (LLM) responses, but evaluating these responses is computationally intensive and often fails to accommodate diverse response styles. This study introduces a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Xiangxiang Dai , Yuejin Xie , Maoli Liu , Xuchuang Wang , Zhuohua Li , Huanyu Wang , John C. S. Lui

With the rapid growth in the number of Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been a recent interest in LLM routing, or directing queries to the cheapest LLM that can deliver a suitable response. We conduct a minimax analysis of the…

Tool-augmented LLM agents increasingly access the same tool type through multiple functionally equivalent providers, such as web-search APIs, retrievers, or LLM backends exposed behind a shared interface. This creates a provider-routing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kexin Chu , Dawei Xiang , Wei Zhang

Contextual bandit algorithms have been recently studied under the federated learning setting to satisfy the demand of keeping data decentralized and pushing the learning of bandit models to the client side. But limited by the required…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Chuanhao Li , Hongning Wang

Large language models (LLMs) deliver impressive capabilities but incur substantial inference latency and cost, which hinders their deployment in latency-sensitive and resource-constrained scenarios. Cloud-edge-device collaborative inference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Haoyu Qiao , Hao Zhang , Shanwen Mao , Siyao Cheng , Jie Liu

Existing solutions to network scheduling typically assume that the instantaneous link rates are completely known before a scheduling decision is made or consider a bandit setting where the accurate link quality is discovered only after it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Tianyi Xu , Ding Zhang , Zizhan Zheng

In real-world streaming recommender systems, user preferences evolve dynamically over time. Existing bandit-based methods treat time merely as a timestamp, neglecting its explicit relationship with user preferences and leading to suboptimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Chenglei Shen , Yi Zhan , Weijie Yu , Xiao Zhang , Jun Xu