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Ranking consistently emerges as a primary focus in information retrieval research. Retrieval and ranking models serve as the foundation for numerous applications, including web search, open domain QA, enterprise domain QA, and text-based…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Hansa Meghwani

State-of-the-art retrieval models typically address a straightforward search scenario, in which retrieval tasks are fixed (e.g., finding a passage to answer a specific question) and only a single modality is supported for both queries and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Sheng-Chieh Lin , Chankyu Lee , Mohammad Shoeybi , Jimmy Lin , Bryan Catanzaro , Wei Ping

General-purpose automated software engineering (ASE) includes tasks such as code completion, retrieval, repair, QA, and summarization. These tasks require a code retrieval system that can handle specific queries about code entities, or code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Pratik Shah , Rajat Ghosh , Aryan Singhal , Debojyoti Dutta

Recently, the retrieval models based on dense representations have been gradually applied in the first stage of the document retrieval tasks, showing better performance than traditional sparse vector space models. To obtain high efficiency,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Hongyin Tang , Xingwu Sun , Beihong Jin , Jingang Wang , Fuzheng Zhang , Wei Wu

In the rapidly changing world of smart technology, searching for documents has become more challenging due to the rise of advanced language models. These models sometimes face difficulties, like providing inaccurate information, commonly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Julien Pierre Edmond Ghali , Kosuke Shima , Koichi Moriyama , Atsuko Mutoh , Nobuhiro Inuzuka

In this work, we introduce Gemma 2, a new addition to the Gemma family of lightweight, state-of-the-art open models, ranging in scale from 2 billion to 27 billion parameters. In this new version, we apply several known technical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Gemma Team , Morgane Riviere , Shreya Pathak , Pier Giuseppe Sessa , Cassidy Hardin , Surya Bhupatiraju , Léonard Hussenot , Thomas Mesnard , Bobak Shahriari , Alexandre Ramé , Johan Ferret , Peter Liu , Pouya Tafti , Abe Friesen , Michelle Casbon , Sabela Ramos , Ravin Kumar , Charline Le Lan , Sammy Jerome , Anton Tsitsulin , Nino Vieillard , Piotr Stanczyk , Sertan Girgin , Nikola Momchev , Matt Hoffman , Shantanu Thakoor , Jean-Bastien Grill , Behnam Neyshabur , Olivier Bachem , Alanna Walton , Aliaksei Severyn , Alicia Parrish , Aliya Ahmad , Allen Hutchison , Alvin Abdagic , Amanda Carl , Amy Shen , Andy Brock , Andy Coenen , Anthony Laforge , Antonia Paterson , Ben Bastian , Bilal Piot , Bo Wu , Brandon Royal , Charlie Chen , Chintu Kumar , Chris Perry , Chris Welty , Christopher A. Choquette-Choo , Danila Sinopalnikov , David Weinberger , Dimple Vijaykumar , Dominika Rogozińska , Dustin Herbison , Elisa Bandy , Emma Wang , Eric Noland , Erica Moreira , Evan Senter , Evgenii Eltyshev , Francesco Visin , Gabriel Rasskin , Gary Wei , Glenn Cameron , Gus Martins , Hadi Hashemi , Hanna Klimczak-Plucińska , Harleen Batra , Harsh Dhand , Ivan Nardini , Jacinda Mein , Jack Zhou , James Svensson , Jeff Stanway , Jetha Chan , Jin Peng Zhou , Joana Carrasqueira , Joana Iljazi , Jocelyn Becker , Joe Fernandez , Joost van Amersfoort , Josh Gordon , Josh Lipschultz , Josh Newlan , Ju-yeong Ji , Kareem Mohamed , Kartikeya Badola , Kat Black , Katie Millican , Keelin McDonell , Kelvin Nguyen , Kiranbir Sodhia , Kish Greene , Lars Lowe Sjoesund , Lauren Usui , Laurent Sifre , Lena Heuermann , Leticia Lago , Lilly McNealus , Livio Baldini Soares , Logan Kilpatrick , Lucas Dixon , Luciano Martins , Machel Reid , Manvinder Singh , Mark Iverson , Martin Görner , Mat Velloso , Mateo Wirth , Matt Davidow , Matt Miller , Matthew Rahtz , Matthew Watson , Meg Risdal , Mehran Kazemi , Michael Moynihan , Ming Zhang , Minsuk Kahng , Minwoo Park , Mofi Rahman , Mohit Khatwani , Natalie Dao , Nenshad Bardoliwalla , Nesh Devanathan , Neta Dumai , Nilay Chauhan , Oscar Wahltinez , Pankil Botarda , Parker Barnes , Paul Barham , Paul Michel , Pengchong Jin , Petko Georgiev , Phil Culliton , Pradeep Kuppala , Ramona Comanescu , Ramona Merhej , Reena Jana , Reza Ardeshir Rokni , Rishabh Agarwal , Ryan Mullins , Samaneh Saadat , Sara Mc Carthy , Sarah Cogan , Sarah Perrin , Sébastien M. R. Arnold , Sebastian Krause , Shengyang Dai , Shruti Garg , Shruti Sheth , Sue Ronstrom , Susan Chan , Timothy Jordan , Ting Yu , Tom Eccles , Tom Hennigan , Tomas Kocisky , Tulsee Doshi , Vihan Jain , Vikas Yadav , Vilobh Meshram , Vishal Dharmadhikari , Warren Barkley , Wei Wei , Wenming Ye , Woohyun Han , Woosuk Kwon , Xiang Xu , Zhe Shen , Zhitao Gong , Zichuan Wei , Victor Cotruta , Phoebe Kirk , Anand Rao , Minh Giang , Ludovic Peran , Tris Warkentin , Eli Collins , Joelle Barral , Zoubin Ghahramani , Raia Hadsell , D. Sculley , Jeanine Banks , Anca Dragan , Slav Petrov , Oriol Vinyals , Jeff Dean , Demis Hassabis , Koray Kavukcuoglu , Clement Farabet , Elena Buchatskaya , Sebastian Borgeaud , Noah Fiedel , Armand Joulin , Kathleen Kenealy , Robert Dadashi , Alek Andreev

Retrieval-Augmented Generation pipelines span a wide range of retrieval strategies that differ substantially in token cost and capability. Selecting the right strategy per query is a practical efficiency problem, yet no routing classifiers…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Prakhar Bansal , Shivangi Agarwal

Transformer-based embedding models suffer from quadratic computational and linear memory complexity, limiting their utility for long sequences. We propose recurrent architectures as an efficient alternative, introducing a vertically chunked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Tobias Grantner , Emanuel Sallinger , Martin Flechl

Large language models (LLMs) are trained on text-only data that go far beyond the languages with paired speech and text data. At the same time, Dual Encoder (DE) based retrieval systems project queries and documents into the same embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Frank Palma Gomez , Ramon Sanabria , Yun-hsuan Sung , Daniel Cer , Siddharth Dalmia , Gustavo Hernandez Abrego

Our objective is language-based search of large-scale image and video datasets. For this task, the approach that consists of independently mapping text and vision to a joint embedding space, a.k.a. dual encoders, is attractive as retrieval…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Antoine Miech , Jean-Baptiste Alayrac , Ivan Laptev , Josef Sivic , Andrew Zisserman

Large decoder-only language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in generation and reasoning tasks, where they generate text responses given instructions. However, many applications, e.g., retrieval augmented generation (RAG),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Caojin Zhang , Qiang Zhang , Ke Li , Sai Vidyaranya Nuthalapati , Benyu Zhang , Jason Liu , Serena Li , Lizhu Zhang , Xiangjun Fan

As large language models (LLMs) continue to grow in size, their abilities to tackle complex tasks have significantly improved. However, issues such as hallucination and the lack of up-to-date knowledge largely remain unresolved. Knowledge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Lihui Liu

As retrieval-augmented generation prevails in large language models, embedding models are becoming increasingly crucial. Despite the growing number of general embedding models, prior work often overlooks the critical role of training data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Xinshuo Hu , Zifei Shan , Xinping Zhao , Zetian Sun , Zhenyu Liu , Dongfang Li , Shaolin Ye , Xinyuan Wei , Qian Chen , Baotian Hu , Haofen Wang , Jun Yu , Min Zhang

Modern day Language Models see extensive use in text classification, yet this comes at significant computational cost. Compute-effective classification models are needed for low-resource environments, most notably on edge devices. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Stan Loosmore , Alexander Titus

This paper presents the training methodology of Arctic-Embed 2.0, a set of open-source text embedding models built for accurate and efficient multilingual retrieval. While prior works have suffered from degraded English retrieval quality,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Puxuan Yu , Luke Merrick , Gaurav Nuti , Daniel Campos

Product retrieval is of great importance in the ecommerce domain. This paper introduces our 1st-place solution in eBay eProduct Visual Search Challenge (FGVC9), which is featured for an ensemble of about 20 models from vision models and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Wenhao Wang , Yifan Sun , Zongxin Yang , Yi Yang

Analytical hardware performance models yield swift estimation of desired hardware performance metrics. However, developing these analytical models for modern processors with sophisticated microarchitectures is an extremely laborious task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Ondrej Sykora , Phitchaya Mangpo Phothilimthana , Charith Mendis , Amir Yazdanbakhsh

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems in chemistry heavily depend on accurate and relevant retrieval of chemical literature. However, general-purpose text embedding models frequently fail to adequately represent complex chemical…

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge bases, achieving state-of-the-art results in various coding tasks. The core of RAG is retrieving demonstration examples, which is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Pengfei He , Shaowei Wang , Shaiful Chowdhury , Tse-Hsun Chen

We present QZhou-Embedding, a general-purpose contextual text embedding model with exceptional text representation capabilities. Built upon the Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct foundation model, we designed a unified multi-task framework comprising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Peng Yu , En Xu , Bin Chen , Haibiao Chen , Yinfei Xu
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