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Collecting annotations from human raters often results in a trade-off between the quantity of labels one wishes to gather and the quality of these labels. As such, it is often only possible to gather a small amount of high-quality labels.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Neel Nanda , Jonathan Uesato , Sven Gowal

Scientific topics, claims and resources are increasingly debated as part of online discourse, where prominent examples include discourse related to COVID-19 or climate change. This has led to both significant societal impact and increased…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Salim Hafid , Sebastian Schellhammer , Sandra Bringay , Konstantin Todorov , Stefan Dietze

When annotators disagree, predicting the labels given by individual annotators can capture nuances overlooked by traditional label aggregation. We introduce three approaches to predicting individual annotator ratings on the toxicity of text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Harbani Jaggi , Kashyap Murali , Eve Fleisig , Erdem Bıyık

In this paper we present a benchmark dataset generated as part of a project for automatic identification of misogyny within online content, which focuses in particular on memes. The benchmark here described is composed of 800 memes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Francesca Gasparini , Giulia Rizzi , Aurora Saibene , Elisabetta Fersini

The evolution of digital communication systems and the designs of online platforms have inadvertently facilitated the subconscious propagation of toxic behavior. Giving rise to reactive responses to toxic behavior. Toxicity in online…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Smita Khapre , Melkamu Abay Mersha , Hassan Shakil , Jonali Baruah , Jugal Kalita

Social media is considered a democratic space in which people connect and interact with each other regardless of their gender, race, or any other demographic aspect. Despite numerous efforts that explore demographic aspects in social media,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-04-03 Johnnatan Messias

The context-dependent nature of online aggression makes annotating large collections of data extremely difficult. Previously studied datasets in abusive language detection have been insufficient in size to efficiently train deep learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-31 Younghun Lee , Seunghyun Yoon , Kyomin Jung

Contemporary datasets on tobacco consumption focus on one of two topics, either public health mentions and disease surveillance, or sentiment analysis on topical tobacco products and services. However, two primary considerations are not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Kartikey Pant , Venkata Himakar Yanamandra , Alok Debnath , Radhika Mamidi

The rise of populism concerns many political scientists and practitioners, yet the detection of its underlying language remains fragmentary. This paper aims to provide a reliable, valid, and scalable approach to measure populist stances.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-30 L. Erhard , S. Hanke , U. Remer , A. Falenska , R. Heiberger

Hate speech is a challenging issue plaguing the online social media. While better models for hate speech detection are continuously being developed, there is little research on the bias and interpretability aspects of hate speech. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Binny Mathew , Punyajoy Saha , Seid Muhie Yimam , Chris Biemann , Pawan Goyal , Animesh Mukherjee

Violent threats remain a significant problem across social media platforms. Useful, high-quality data facilitates research into the understanding and detection of malicious content, including violence. In this paper, we introduce a…

Sociality borne by language, as is the predominant digital trace on text-based social media platforms, harbours the raw material for exploring a multitude of social phenomena. Distinctively, the messaging service Telegram provides…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Mathias Angermaier , Elisabeth Hoeldrich , Jana Lasser , Joao Pinheiro Neto

Current research on hate speech analysis is typically oriented towards monolingual and single classification tasks. In this paper, we present a new multilingual hate speech analysis dataset for English, Hindi, Arabic, French, German and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Ankit Yadav , Shubham Chandel , Sushant Chatufale , Anil Bandhakavi

Online political hostility is pervasive, yet it remains unclear how toxicity varies across campaign issues and political ideology, and what psychosocial signals and framing accompany toxic expression online. In this work, we present a…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Lei Cao , Wen Zeng , Xinyue Wu , Eun Cheol Choi , Emilio Ferrara

Extracting who says what to whom is a crucial part in analyzing human communication in today's abundance of data such as online news articles. Yet, the lack of annotated data for this task in German news articles severely limits the quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Fynn Petersen-Frey , Chris Biemann

Social media is a rich source of user behavior and opinions. Twitter senses nearly 500 million tweets per day from 328 million users.An appropriate machine learning pipeline over this information enables up-to-date and cost-effective data…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-04-11 Alan Smith , Manas Gaur

In health-related topics, user toxicity in online discussions frequently becomes a source of social conflict or promotion of dangerous, unscientific behaviour; common approaches for battling it include different forms of detection, flagging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jorge Paz-Ruza , Amparo Alonso-Betanzos , Bertha Guijarro-Berdiñas , Carlos Eiras-Franco

The detection of toxic language in the Arabic language has emerged as an active area of research in recent years, and reviewing the existing datasets employed for training the developed solutions has become a pressing need. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Imene Bensalem , Paolo Rosso , Hanane Zitouni

In recent years, cognitive and mental health (CMH) disorders have increasingly become an important challenge for global public health, especially the suicide problem caused by multiple factors such as social competition, economic pressure…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Shouwen Zheng , Yingzhi Tao , Taiqi Zhou