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Model interpretability in toxicity detection greatly profits from token-level annotations. However, currently such annotations are only available in English. We introduce a dataset annotated for offensive language detection sourced from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Pia Pachinger , Janis Goldzycher , Anna Maria Planitzer , Wojciech Kusa , Allan Hanbury , Julia Neidhardt

With the rise of social media, a rise of hateful content can be observed. Even though the understanding and definitions of hate speech varies, platforms, communities, and legislature all acknowledge the problem. Therefore, adolescents are a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Jan Fillies , Silvio Peikert , Adrian Paschke

Hate speech and toxic comments are a common concern of social media platform users. Although these comments are, fortunately, the minority in these platforms, they are still capable of causing harm. Therefore, identifying these comments is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-12 João A. Leite , Diego F. Silva , Kalina Bontcheva , Carolina Scarton

The increased proliferation of abusive content on social media platforms has a negative impact on online users. The dread, dislike, discomfort, or mistrust of lesbian, gay, transgender or bisexual persons is defined as…

Social media has become an essential part of the daily routines of children and adolescents. Moreover, enormous efforts have been made to ensure the psychological and emotional well-being of young users as well as their safety when…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Sultan Alshamrani , Ahmed Abusnaina , Mohammed Abuhamad , Daehun Nyang , David Mohaisen

Online social media has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its ease of access and ability to connect with others. One of social media's main draws is its anonymity, allowing users to share their thoughts and opinions without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Vigneshwaran Shankaran , Rajesh Sharma

In this paper, we discuss the development of a multilingual dataset annotated with a hierarchical, fine-grained tagset marking different types of aggression and the "context" in which they occur. The context, here, is defined by the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Ritesh Kumar , Enakshi Nandi , Laishram Niranjana Devi , Shyam Ratan , Siddharth Singh , Akash Bhagat , Yogesh Dawer

Toxic speech, also known as hate speech, is regarded as one of the crucial issues plaguing online social media today. Most recent work on toxic speech detection is constrained to the modality of text and written conversations with very…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Sreyan Ghosh , Samden Lepcha , S Sakshi , Rajiv Ratn Shah , S. Umesh

The prevalence and impact of toxic discussions online have made content moderation crucial.Automated systems can play a vital role in identifying toxicity, and reducing the reliance on human moderation.Nevertheless, identifying toxic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Senjuti Dutta , Sid Mittal , Sherol Chen , Deepak Ramachandran , Ravi Rajakumar , Ian Kivlichan , Sunny Mak , Alena Butryna , Praveen Paritosh

Abusive language is a massive problem in online social platforms. Existing abusive language detection techniques are particularly ill-suited to comments containing heterogeneous abusive language patterns, i.e., both abusive and non-abusive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Hongyu Gong , Alberto Valido , Katherine M. Ingram , Giulia Fanti , Suma Bhat , Dorothy L. Espelage

Despite extensive research on toxic speech detection in text, a critical gap remains in handling spoken Mandarin audio. The lack of annotated datasets that capture the unique prosodic cues and culturally specific expressions in Mandarin…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-22 Yu-Xiang Luo , Yi-Cheng Lin , Ming-To Chuang , Jia-Hung Chen , I-Ning Tsai , Pei Xing Kiew , Yueh-Hsuan Huang , Chien-Feng Liu , Yu-Chen Chen , Bo-Han Feng , Wenze Ren , Hung-yi Lee

In this work, we demonstrate how existing classifiers for identifying toxic comments online fail to generalize to the diverse concerns of Internet users. We survey 17,280 participants to understand how user expectations for what constitutes…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Deepak Kumar , Patrick Gage Kelley , Sunny Consolvo , Joshua Mason , Elie Bursztein , Zakir Durumeric , Kurt Thomas , Michael Bailey

In the digital age, hate speech poses a threat to the functioning of social media platforms as spaces for public discourse. Top-down approaches to moderate hate speech encounter difficulties due to conflicts with freedom of expression and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Jana Lasser , Alina Herderich , Joshua Garland , Segun Taofeek Aroyehun , David Garcia , Mirta Galesic

Now-a-days, derogatory comments are often made by one another, not only in offline environment but also immensely in online environments like social networking websites and online communities. So, an Identification combined with Prevention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-19 Navoneel Chakrabarty

Toxic sentiment analysis on Twitter (X) often focuses on specific topics and events such as politics and elections. Datasets of toxic users in such research are typically gathered through lexicon-based techniques, providing only a…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Hina Qayyum , Muhammad Ikram , Benjamin Zhao , Ian Wood , Mohamad Ali Kaafar , Nicolas Kourtellis

The abstract outlines the problem of toxic comments on social media platforms, where individuals use disrespectful, abusive, and unreasonable language that can drive users away from discussions. This behavior is referred to as anti-social…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 K. Poojitha , A. Sai Charish , M. Arun Kuamr Reddy , S. Ayyasamy

Automatic toxic language detection is critical for creating safe, inclusive online spaces. However, it is a highly subjective task, with perceptions of toxic language shaped by community norms and lived experience. Existing toxicity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Ashima Suvarna , Christina Chance , Karolina Naranjo , Hamid Palangi , Sophie Hao , Thomas Hartvigsen , Saadia Gabriel

Online abusive behavior is an important issue that breaks the cohesiveness of online social communities and even raises public safety concerns in our societies. Motivated by this rising issue, researchers have proposed, collected, and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Md Rabiul Awal , Rui Cao , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Sandra Mitrović

The convenience of social media has also enabled its misuse, potentially resulting in toxic behavior. Nearly 66% of internet users have observed online harassment, and 41% claim personal experience, with 18% facing severe forms of online…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Thilini Wijesiriwardene , Hale Inan , Ugur Kursuncu , Manas Gaur , Valerie L. Shalin , Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan , Amit Sheth , I. Budak Arpinar

Online toxic content has grown into a pervasive phenomenon, intensifying during times of crisis, elections, and social unrest. A significant amount of research has been focused on detecting or analyzing toxic content using machine-learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Gautam Kishore Shahi , Tim A. Majchrzak
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