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Large language models (LLMs) for code generation are typically evaluated on functional correctness alone, overlooking whether generated code propagates harmful content embedded in the prompt. Prior work has shown that most Code LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Honghao Tan , Haibo Wang , Shin Hwei Tan

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as evaluators of reasoning quality, yet their reliability and bias in payments-risk settings remain poorly understood. We introduce a structured multi-evaluator framework for assessing LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Liang Wang , Junpeng Wang , Chin-chia Michael Yeh , Yan Zheng , Jiarui Sun , Xiran Fan , Xin Dai , Yujie Fan , Yiwei Cai

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence has become a powerful partner for complex tasks such as data analysis, prediction, and problem-solving, yet its lack of transparency raises concerns about its reliability. In sensitive domains such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Jesús Sánchez Ochoa , Enrique Tomás Martínez Beltrán , Alberto Huertas Celdrán

As reasoning LLMs increasingly trade tokens for accuracy through deliberation, search, and self-correction, a single accuracy score can no longer tell whether those tokens buy useful reasoning, recovery from hard instances, or unnecessary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Daniel Kaiser , Arnoldo Frigessi , Ali Ramezani-Kebrya , Benjamin Ricaud

Benchmarks for large language models (LLMs) have predominantly assessed short-horizon, localized reasoning. Existing long-horizon suites (e.g. SWE-bench) rely on manually curated issues, so expanding or tuning difficulty demands expensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Kaivalya Hariharan , Uzay Girit , Atticus Wang , Jacob Andreas

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated judges and synthetic labelers, especially in low-label settings. Yet these systems are stochastic and often overconfident, which makes deployment decisions difficult when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Maxim Khomiakov , Jes Frellsen

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified concerns about manipulative or deceptive behaviors that can undermine user autonomy, trust, and well-being. Existing safety benchmarks predominantly rely on coarse binary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Sadia Asif , Israel Antonio Rosales Laguan , Haris Khan , Shumaila Asif , Muneeb Asif

This paper introduces a novel, multi-source framework for the relational validation of Large Language Models (LLMs). While existing benchmarks have demonstrated LLMs' proficiency at factual recall, their ability to understand and reproduce…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Moses Boudourides

Stochastic simulation has been widely used to analyze the performance of complex stochastic systems and facilitate decision making in those systems. Stochastic simulation is driven by the input model, which is a collection of probability…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2020-02-14 Tianyi Liu , Enlu Zhou

Existing approaches to bias evaluation in large language models (LLMs) trade ecological validity for statistical control, relying either on artificial prompts that poorly reflect real-world use or on naturalistic tasks that lack scale and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Akram Elbouanani , Aboubacar Tuo , Adrian Popescu

With the rapid advancement of AI, software engineering increasingly relies on AI-driven approaches, particularly language models (LMs), to enhance code performance. However, the trustworthiness and reliability of LMs remain significant…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Jingzhi Gong

With the widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs) to various domains, concerns regarding the trustworthiness of LLMs in safety-critical scenarios have been raised, due to their unpredictable tendency to hallucinate and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Xin Qiu , Risto Miikkulainen

Automated image captioning has the potential to be a useful tool for people with vision impairments. Images taken by this user group are often noisy, which leads to incorrect and even unsafe model predictions. In this paper, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Lu Yu , Malvina Nikandrou , Jiali Jin , Verena Rieser

Among the various forms of reasoning studied in the context of artificial intelligence, qualitative reasoning makes it possible to infer new knowledge in the context of imprecise, incomplete information without numerical values. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Quentin Cohen-Solal , Alexandre Niveau , Maroua Bouzid

Text-based automated Cognitive Distortion detection is a challenging task due to its subjective nature, with low agreement scores observed even among expert human annotators, leading to unreliable annotations. We explore the use of Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Neha Sharma , Navneet Agarwal , Kairit Sirts

Large foundation models are fundamentally transforming the software engineering landscape, demonstrating exceptional capabilities across diverse tasks such as code generation, debugging, and testing. Despite this rapid progress, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Shuzheng Gao , Eric John Li , Man Ho Lam , Jingyu Xiao , Yuxuan Wan , Chaozheng Wang , Ng Man Tik , Michael R. Lyu

Reliable reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs) is challenged by their propensity for hallucination. While augmenting LLMs with Knowledge Graphs (KGs) improves factual accuracy, existing KG-augmented methods fail to quantify epistemic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuyin Lu , Ziran Liang , Yanghui Rao , Wenqi Fan , Fu Lee Wang , Qing Li

Large Language Models demonstrate remarkable capabilities yet remain fundamentally probabilistic, presenting critical reliability challenges for enterprise deployment. We introduce the Six Sigma Agent, a novel architecture that achieves…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Khush Patel , Siva Surendira , Jithin George , Shreyas Kapale

Grounding large language models (LLMs) in external knowledge sources is a promising method for faithful prediction. While existing grounding approaches work well for simple queries, many real-world information needs require synthesizing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Cheng Jiayang , Qianqian Zhuang , Haoran Li , Chunkit Chan , Xin Liu , Lin Qiu , Yangqiu Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown great potential in reasoning tasks through test-time scaling methods like self-consistency with majority voting. However, this approach often leads to diminishing returns in accuracy and high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Yichao Fu , Xuewei Wang , Yuandong Tian , Jiawei Zhao