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Self-assessment is a key aspect of reliable intelligence, yet evaluations of large language models (LLMs) focus mainly on task accuracy. We adapted the 10-item General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) to elicit simulated self-assessments from ten…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Daniel I Jackson , Emma L Jensen , Syed-Amad Hussain , Emre Sezgin

Accurate confidence estimation is essential for trustworthy large language models (LLMs) systems, as it empowers the user to determine when to trust outputs and enables reliable deployment in safety-critical applications. Current confidence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Mingruo Yuan , Shuyi Zhang , Ben Kao

Conversational agents are increasingly used to address emotional needs on top of information needs. One use case of increasing interest are counselling-style mental health and behaviour change interventions, with large language model…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Selina Meyer , David Elsweiler

We investigate how the presence and type of interaction context shapes sycophancy in LLMs. While real-world interactions allow models to mirror a user's values, preferences, and self-image, prior work often studies sycophancy in zero-shot…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Shomik Jain , Charlotte Park , Matt Viana , Ashia Wilson , Dana Calacci

Persona conditioning is widely used to steer large language model (LLM) behavior, but it is unclear whether it induces stable behavioral structure or superficial variation. We propose a framework to measure consistent behavioral tendencies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Alexandra Yost , Shreyans Jain , Shivam Raval , Grant Corser , Allen Roush , Nina Xu , Jacqueline Hammack , Ravid Shwartz-Ziv , Amirali Abdullah

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents in uncertain, sequential decision-making contexts. Yet it remains poorly understood whether the behaviors they exhibit in such environments reflect principled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Sankalp Dubedy

Universal healthcare access is critically needed, especially in resource-limited settings. Large Language Models (LLMs) offer promise for democratizing healthcare with advanced diagnostics, but their reliability requires thorough…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Krishna Subedi

Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT o1, ChatGPT o3, and DeepSeek R1 have shown great potential in solving difficult problems. However, current LLM evaluation benchmarks are limited to one-step interactions. Some of the existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Huanyu Li , Zongyuan Li , Wei Huang , Xian Guo

This work presents a novel architecture for context-aware interactions within smart environments, leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance user experiences. Our system integrates user location data obtained through UWB tags and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Aurora Polo-Rodríguez , Laura Fiorini , Erika Rovini , Filippo Cavallo , Javier Medina-Quero

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed across diverse contexts to support decision-making. While existing evaluations effectively probe latent model capabilities, they often overlook the impact of context framing on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Isaac Robinson , John Burden

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as OpenAI's GPT-4 and Meta's LLaMA offer a promising approach for scalable personality assessment from open-ended language. However, inferring personality traits remains challenging, and earlier work often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Jianfeng Zhu , Ruoming Jin , Karin G. Coifman

Large language models (LLMs) draw on both contextual information and parametric memory, yet these sources can conflict. Prior studies have largely examined this issue in contextual question answering, implicitly assuming that tasks should…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Kaiser Sun , Fan Bai , Mark Dredze

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly reach real-world applications, necessitating a better understanding of their behaviour. Their size and complexity complicate traditional assessment methods, causing the emergence of alternative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Sanne Peereboom , Inga Schwabe , Bennett Kleinberg

We introduce a new approach in which several advanced large language models-specifically GPT-4-0125-preview, Meta-LLAMA-3-70B-Instruct, Claude-3-Opus, and Gemini-1.5-Flash-collaborate to both produce and answer intricate, doctoral-level…

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values is essential for their safe deployment and widespread adoption. Current LLM safety benchmarks often focus solely on the refusal of individual problematic queries, which overlooks the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Guangzhi Sun , Xiao Zhan , Shutong Feng , Philip C. Woodland , Jose Such

Aligning large language models (LLMs) typically aim to reflect general human values and behaviors, but they often fail to capture the unique characteristics and preferences of individual users. To address this gap, we introduce the concept…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Minjun Zhu , Yixuan Weng , Linyi Yang , Yue Zhang

Personalization of Large Language Models (LLMs) often assumes users hold static preferences that reflect globally in all tasks. In reality, humans hold dynamic preferences that change depending on the context. As users interact with an LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Tae Soo Kim , Yoonjoo Lee , Yoonah Park , Jiho Kim , Young-Ho Kim , Juho Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with long-horizon tasks due to the "context bottleneck" and the "lost-in-the-middle" phenomenon, where accumulated noise from verbose environments degrades reasoning over multi-turn interactions. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xiaozhe Li , Tianyi Lyu , Yizhao Yang , Liang Shan , Siyi Yang , Ligao Zhang , Zhuoyi Huang , Qingwen Liu , Yang Li

Understanding the dynamics of counseling conversations is an important task, yet it is a challenging NLP problem regardless of the recent advance of Transformer-based pre-trained language models. This paper proposes a systematic approach to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Younghun Lee , Dan Goldwasser , Laura Schwab Reese

Mental health disorders impose a substantial global socioeconomic burden. While large language models (LLMs) offer 24/7, non-judgmental interactions to address this gap, pretrained models lack contextual coherence and emotional alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Eric Hua Qing Zhang , Julia Ive