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It is natural to suppose that a Large Language Model is more likely to generate correct test cases when prompted with correct code under test, compared to incorrect code under test. However, the size of this effect has never been previously…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Dong Huang , Jie M. Zhang , Mark Harman , Mingzhe Du , Heming Cui

This study presents a comprehensive empirical evaluation of six state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) for code generation, including both general-purpose and code-specialized models. Using a dataset of 944 real-world LeetCode…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Le Zhang , Suresh Kothari

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized code generation but require significant resources and often over-generalize, limiting their task-specific efficiency. Fine-tuning smaller, open-source LLMs provides a cost-effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Leitian Tao , Xiang Chen , Tong Yu , Tung Mai , Ryan Rossi , Yixuan Li , Saayan Mitra

The costly human effort required to prepare the training data of machine learning (ML) models hinders their practical development and usage in software engineering (ML4Code), especially for those with limited budgets. Therefore, efficiently…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Qiang Hu , Yuejun Guo , Xiaofei Xie , Maxime Cordy , Lei Ma , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents improve through trial-and-error, but when reward is sparse and the agent cannot discover successful action sequences, learning stagnates. This has been a notable problem in training deep RL agents to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Evan Zheran Liu , Kelvin Guu , Panupong Pasupat , Tianlin Shi , Percy Liang

Retrieval-augmented code generation utilizes Large Language Models as the generator and significantly expands their code generation capabilities by providing relevant code, documentation, and more via the retriever. The current approach…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Xinyu Gao , Yun Xiong , Deze Wang , Zhenhan Guan , Zejian Shi , Haofen Wang , Shanshan Li

The internal structure and operation mechanism of large-scale language models are analyzed theoretically, especially how Transformer and its derivative architectures can restrict computing efficiency while capturing long-term dependencies.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Taiyuan Mei , Yun Zi , Xiaohan Cheng , Zijun Gao , Qi Wang , Haowei Yang

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has been shown to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), enabling the development of large reasoning models (LRMs). However, LRMs such as DeepSeek-R1 and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yuhao Wang , Xiaopeng Li , Cheng Gong , Ziru Liu , Suiyun Zhang , Rui Liu , Xiangyu Zhao

Automatic code generation has recently attracted large attention and is becoming more significant to the software development process. Solutions based on Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence are being used to increase human and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Leon Chemnitz , David Reichenbach , Hani Aldebes , Mariam Naveed , Krishna Narasimhan , Mira Mezini

This study explores the application of deep learning technologies in software development processes, particularly in automating code reviews, error prediction, and test generation to enhance code quality and development efficiency. Through…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Keqin Li , Armando Zhu , Peng Zhao , Jintong Song , Jiabei Liu

Reducing energy consumption is one of the key challenges in computing technology. One factor that contributes to high energy consumption is that all parts of the program are considered equally significant for the accuracy of the end-result.…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in software engineering to generate, complete, translate, and fix code, improving developer productivity. While most research focuses on the energy consumption and carbon emissions of model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Sabiya Banu Masthan Ali , Oussema Kirmani , Aroosa Hameed , Syed Muhammad Danish , Gautam Srivastava

Existing code reasoning methods primarily supervise final code outputs, ignoring intermediate states, often leading to reward hacking where correct answers are obtained through inconsistent reasoning. We propose StepCodeReasoner, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Hao Wang , Rui Li , Lei Sha , Jie M. Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable progress in code generation, but their generated code often suffers from inefficiency, resulting in longer execution times and higher memory consumption. To address this issue, we propose…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Dong Huang , Jianbo Dai , Han Weng , Puzhen Wu , Yuhao Qing , Heming Cui , Zhijiang Guo , Jie M. Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant potential in designing reward functions for Reinforcement Learning (RL) tasks. However, obtaining high-quality reward code often involves human intervention, numerous LLM queries, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Shengjie Sun , Runze Liu , Jiafei Lyu , Jing-Wen Yang , Liangpeng Zhang , Xiu Li

Large language models (LLMs) have shown great potential in code-related tasks, yet open-source models lag behind their closed-source counterparts. To bridge this performance gap, existing methods generate vast amounts of synthetic data for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Weijie Lv , Xuan Xia , Sheng-Jun Huang

Code runtime optimization-the task of rewriting a given code to a faster one-remains challenging, as it requires reasoning about performance trade-offs involving algorithmic and structural choices. Recent approaches employ code-LLMs with…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Su-Hyeon Kim , Joonghyuk Hahn , Sooyoung Cha , Yo-Sub Han

Code generation systems have been extensively developed in recent years to generate source code based on natural language instructions. However, despite their advancements, these systems still face robustness issues where even slightly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Ming Yan , Junjie Chen , Jie M. Zhang , Xuejie Cao , Chen Yang , Mark Harman

Recent advancements in code generation have shown remarkable success across software domains, yet hardware description languages (HDLs) such as Verilog remain underexplored due to their concurrency semantics, syntactic rigidity, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Fu Teng , Miao Pan , Xuhong Zhang , Zhezhi He , Yiyao Yang , Xinyi Chai , Mengnan Qi , Liqiang Lu , Jianwei Yin

Reinforcement learning is increasingly used for code-centric tasks. These tasks include code generation, summarization, understanding, repair, testing, and optimization. This trend is growing faster with large language models and autonomous…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Md Rayhanul Masud , Azmine Toushik Wasi , Salman Rahman , Md Rizwan Parvez