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We investigate the use of in-context learning and prompt engineering to estimate the contributions of training data in the outputs of instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs). We propose two novel approaches: (1) a similarity-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Milad Fotouhi , Mohammad Taha Bahadori , Oluwaseyi Feyisetan , Payman Arabshahi , David Heckerman

Existing subset selection methods for efficient learning predominantly employ discrete combinatorial and model-specific approaches which lack generalizability. For an unseen architecture, one cannot use the subset chosen for a different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Eeshaan Jain , Tushar Nandy , Gaurav Aggarwal , Ashish Tendulkar , Rishabh Iyer , Abir De

Large language models (LLMs) have shown an impressive ability to perform a wide range of tasks using in-context learning (ICL), where a few examples are used to describe a task to the model. However, the performance of ICL varies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Keqin Peng , Liang Ding , Yancheng Yuan , Xuebo Liu , Min Zhang , Yuanxin Ouyang , Dacheng Tao

Large language models (LLMs) can use in-context demonstrations to improve performance on zero-shot tasks. However, selecting the best in-context examples is challenging because model performance can vary widely depending on the selected…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Dan Iter , Reid Pryzant , Ruochen Xu , Shuohang Wang , Yang Liu , Yichong Xu , Chenguang Zhu

Demonstration selection is a practical bottleneck in in-context learning (ICL): under a tight prompt budget, accuracy can change substantially depending on which few-shot examples are included, yet selection must remain cheap enough to run…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Xubin Wang , Weijia Jia

Autoregressive language models (LMs) generate one token at a time, yet human reasoning operates over higher-level abstractions - sentences, propositions, and concepts. This contrast raises a central question- Can LMs likewise learn to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Hyeonbin Hwang , Byeongguk Jeon , Seungone Kim , Jiyeon Kim , Hoyeon Chang , Sohee Yang , Seungpil Won , Dohaeng Lee , Youbin Ahn , Minjoon Seo

As deep learning models and datasets rapidly scale up, network training is extremely time-consuming and resource-costly. Instead of training on the entire dataset, learning with a small synthetic dataset becomes an efficient solution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Zixuan Jiang , Jiaqi Gu , Mingjie Liu , David Z. Pan

Despite rapid progress, pretrained vision-language models still struggle when answers depend on tiny visual details or on combining clues spread across multiple regions, as in documents and compositional queries. We address this by framing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Marcel Gröpl , Jaewoo Jung , Seungryong Kim , Marc Pollefeys , Sunghwan Hong

This tutorial provides an in-depth guide on inference-time guidance and alignment methods for optimizing downstream reward functions in diffusion models. While diffusion models are renowned for their generative modeling capabilities,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Masatoshi Uehara , Yulai Zhao , Chenyu Wang , Xiner Li , Aviv Regev , Sergey Levine , Tommaso Biancalani

A continual learning agent learns online with a non-stationary and never-ending stream of data. The key to such learning process is to overcome the catastrophic forgetting of previously seen data, which is a well known problem of neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Rahaf Aljundi , Min Lin , Baptiste Goujaud , Yoshua Bengio

Large language models (LLMs) have recently garnered significant interest. With in-context learning, LLMs achieve impressive results in various natural language tasks. However, the application of LLMs to sentence embeddings remains an area…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Ting Jiang , Shaohan Huang , Zhongzhi Luan , Deqing Wang , Fuzhen Zhuang

The computational complexity of the self-attention mechanism in popular transformer architectures poses significant challenges for training and inference, and becomes the bottleneck for long inputs. Is it possible to significantly reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Yingyu Liang , Zhizhou Sha , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song , Yufa Zhou

Many large language model applications require conditioning on long contexts. Transformers typically support this by storing a large per-layer KV-cache of past activations, which incurs substantial memory overhead. A desirable alternative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yuri Kuratov , Matvey Kairov , Aydar Bulatov , Ivan Rodkin , Mikhail Burtsev

In-context Learning (ICL) is the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform new tasks when conditioned on prompts comprising a few task examples. However, ICL performance can be critically sensitive to the choice of examples. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Shivanshu Gupta , Clemens Rosenbaum , Ethan R. Elenberg

Variational inference approximates the posterior distribution of a probabilistic model with a parameterized density by maximizing a lower bound for the model evidence. Modern solutions fit a flexible approximation with stochastic gradient…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-07-13 Joseph Sakaya , Arto Klami

This paper aims at achieving a "good" estimator for the gradient of a function on a high-dimensional space. Often such functions are not sensitive in all coordinates and the gradient of the function is almost sparse. We propose a method for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-07-27 Vivek S. Borkar , Vikranth R. Dwaracherla , Neeraja Sahasrabudhe

In-Context Learning (ICL), which formulates target tasks as prompt completion conditioned on in-context demonstrations, has become the prevailing utilization of LLMs. In this paper, we first disclose an actual predicament for this typical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Benfeng Xu , Quan Wang , Zhendong Mao , Yajuan Lyu , Qiaoqiao She , Yongdong Zhang

A new algorithm named EXPected Similarity Estimation (EXPoSE) was recently proposed to solve the problem of large-scale anomaly detection. It is a non-parametric and distribution free kernel method based on the Hilbert space embedding of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-18 Markus Schneider , Wolfgang Ertel , Günther Palm

Practitioners apply neural networks to increasingly complex problems in natural language processing, such as syntactic parsing and semantic role labeling that have rich output structures. Many such structured-prediction problems require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Jay Yoon Lee , Sanket Vaibhav Mehta , Michael Wick , Jean-Baptiste Tristan , Jaime Carbonell

As deep learning models continue to scale, the growing computational demands have amplified the need for effective coreset selection techniques. Coreset selection aims to accelerate training by identifying small, representative subsets of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Wei-Kai Chang , Rajiv Khanna