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Encrypted traffic classification requires discriminative and robust traffic representation captured from content-invisible and imbalanced traffic data for accurate classification, which is challenging but indispensable to achieve network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Xinjie Lin , Gang Xiong , Gaopeng Gou , Zhen Li , Junzheng Shi , Jing Yu

Network traffic includes data transmitted across a network, such as web browsing and file transfers, and is organized into packets (small units of data) and flows (sequences of packets exchanged between two endpoints). Classifying encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Xu-Yang Chen , Lu Han , De-Chuan Zhan , Han-Jia Ye

Inspired by the success of Transformer-based models in natural language processing, this paper investigates their potential as foundation models for network traffic analysis. We propose a unified pre-training and fine-tuning pipeline for…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Samara Mayhoub , Chuan Heng Foh , Mahdi Boloursaz Mashhadi , Mohammad Shojafar , Rahim Tafazolli

Understanding the traffic dynamics in networks is a core capability for automated systems to monitor and analyze networking behaviors, reducing expensive human efforts and economic risks through tasks such as traffic classification,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Jiawei Zhou , Woojeong Kim , Zhiying Xu , Alexander M. Rush , Minlan Yu

Deep learning methods have advanced quickly in brain imaging analysis over the past few years, but they are usually restricted by the limited labeled data. Pre-trained model on unlabeled data has presented promising improvement in feature…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-08-22 Jinlong Hu , Yangmin Huang , Nan Wang , Shoubin Dong

Foundation models have shown great promise in various fields of study. A potential application of such models is in computer network traffic analysis, where these models can grasp the complexities of network traffic dynamics and adapt to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Louis Van Langendonck , Ismael Castell-Uroz , Pere Barlet-Ros

Pre-trained models for programming language have achieved dramatic empirical improvements on a variety of code-related tasks such as code search, code completion, code summarization, etc. However, existing pre-trained models regard a code…

We study generative modeling of graphs with recurring subgraph motifs. We propose Flowette, a continuous flow matching framework that employs a graph neural network-based transformer to learn a velocity field over graph representations with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Asiri Wijesinghe , Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi , Daniel M. Steinberg , Cheng Soon Ong

Over the years, network traffic analysis and generation have advanced significantly. From traditional statistical methods, the field has progressed to sophisticated deep learning techniques. This progress has improved the ability to detect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jian Qu , Xiaobo Ma , Jianfeng Li

Motion prediction plays an important role in autonomous driving. This study presents LMFormer, a lane-aware transformer network for trajectory prediction tasks. In contrast to previous studies, our work provides a simple mechanism to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Harsh Yadav , Maximilian Schaefer , Kun Zhao , Tobias Meisen

Modern networks carry increasingly diverse and encrypted traffic types that demand classification techniques beyond traditional port-based and payload-based methods. This tutorial provides a practical, end-to-end guide to building…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Adrian Pekar , Richard Plny , Karel Hynek

The use of transfer learning methods is largely responsible for the present breakthrough in Natural Learning Processing (NLP) tasks across multiple domains. In order to solve the problem of sentiment detection, we examined the performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-05 Olumide Ebenezer Ojo , Hoang Thang Ta , Alexander Gelbukh , Hiram Calvo , Olaronke Oluwayemisi Adebanji , Grigori Sidorov

Network traffic refers to the amount of data being sent and received over the Internet or any system that connects computers. Analyzing network traffic is vital for security and management, yet remains challenging due to the heterogeneity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Xiaochang Li , Chen Qian , Qineng Wang , Jiangtao Kong , Yuchen Wang , Ziyu Yao , Bo Ji , Long Cheng , Gang Zhou , Huajie Shao

This study proposes a universal flow field prediction framework based on knowledge transfer from large language model (LLM), addressing the high computational costs of traditional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods and the limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Weihao Zou , Weibing Feng , Pin Wu

Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of transformer models in NLP, and image and video classification, the available tools for extracting features from captured IoT network flow packets fail to capture sequential patterns in addition to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Hassan Wasswa , Timothy Lynar , Aziida Nanyonga , Hussein Abbass

Traffic classification, i.e. the identification of the type of applications flowing in a network, is a strategic task for numerous activities (e.g., intrusion detection, routing). This task faces some critical challenges that current deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Kevin Fauvel , Fuxing Chen , Dario Rossi

We study the problem of incorporating prior knowledge into a deep Transformer-based model,i.e.,Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), to enhance its performance on semantic textual matching tasks. By probing and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Tingyu Xia , Yue Wang , Yuan Tian , Yi Chang

All data on the Internet are transferred by network traffic, thus accurately modeling network traffic can help improve network services quality and protect data privacy. Pretrained models for network traffic can utilize large-scale raw data…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Xuying Meng , Chungang Lin , Yequan Wang , Yujun Zhang

Predicting the motion of multiple traffic participants has always been one of the most challenging tasks in autonomous driving. The recently proposed occupancy flow field prediction method has shown to be a more effective and scalable…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-02 Zhan Chen , Chen Tang , Lu Xiong

Trajectory prediction in autonomous driving relies on accurate representation of all relevant contexts of the driving scene, including traffic participants, road topology, traffic signs, as well as their semantic relations to each other.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Zhigang Sun , Zixu Wang , Lavdim Halilaj , Juergen Luettin
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