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In this paper, we study the problem of networked multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), where a number of agents are deployed as a partially connected network and each interacts only with nearby agents. Networked MARL requires all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Yuxuan Yi , Ge Li , Yaowei Wang , Zongqing Lu

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) represent a growing menace to modern digital infrastructure. Unlike traditional cyberattacks, APTs are stealthy, adaptive, and long-lasting, often bypassing signature-based detection systems. This paper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Sidahmed Benabderrahmane , Talal Rahwan

Despite the recent advancement in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), the MARL agents easily overfit the training environment and perform poorly in the evaluation scenarios where other agents behave differently. Obtaining…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Wei Qiu , Xiao Ma , Bo An , Svetlana Obraztsova , Shuicheng Yan , Zhongwen Xu

Safe Reinforcement learning (Safe RL) aims at learning optimal policies while staying safe. A popular solution to Safe RL is shielding, which uses a logical safety specification to prevent an RL agent from taking unsafe actions. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Wen-Chi Yang , Giuseppe Marra , Gavin Rens , Luc De Raedt

In cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (c-MARL), agents learn to cooperatively take actions as a team to maximize a total team reward. We analyze the robustness of c-MARL to adversaries capable of attacking one of the agents on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Jieyu Lin , Kristina Dzeparoska , Sai Qian Zhang , Alberto Leon-Garcia , Nicolas Papernot

We study multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) with centralized training and decentralized execution. During the training, new agents may join, and existing agents may unexpectedly leave the training. In such situations, a standard deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Xuting Tang , Jia Xu , Shusen Wang

Cross-silo federated learning (FL) is a typical FL that enables organizations(e.g., financial or medical entities) to train global models on isolated data. Reasonable incentive is key to encouraging organizations to contribute data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Shijing Yuan , Hongze Liu , Hongtao Lv , Zhanbo Feng , Jie Li , Hongyang Chen , Chentao Wu

Decentralized finance (DeFi) has introduced a new era of permissionless financial innovation but also led to unprecedented market manipulation. Without centralized oversight, malicious actors coordinate shilling campaigns and pump-and-dump…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ronghua Shi , Yiou Liu , Yuchun Feng , Lynn Ai , Bill Shi , Zhuang Liu

Many emerging agentic paradigms require agents to collaborate with one another (or people) to achieve shared goals. Unfortunately, existing approaches to learning policies for such collaborative problems produce brittle solutions that fail…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Chengrui Qu , Yizhou Zhang , Nicolas Lanzetti , Eric Mazumdar

Deep Reinforcement Learning has been shown to be very successful in complex games, e.g. Atari or Go. These games have clearly defined rules, and hence allow simulation. In many practical applications, however, interactions with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Andreas Merentitis , Kashif Rasul , Roland Vollgraf , Abdul-Saboor Sheikh , Urs Bergmann

Safety and scalability are two critical challenges faced by practical Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). However, existing Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms that rely solely on reward shaping are ineffective in ensuring safety,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Haikuo Du , Fandi Gou , Yunze Cai

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) for cyber-physical vehicle systems usually requires a significantly long training time due to their inherent complexity. Furthermore, deploying the trained policies in the real world demands a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Chinmay Vilas Samak , Tanmay Vilas Samak , Venkat Narayan Krovi

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) achieves encouraging performance in solving complex tasks. However, the safety of MARL policies is one critical concern that impedes their real-world applications. Popular multi-agent benchmarks…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Lijun Sun , Yu-Cheng Chang , Chao Lyu , Chin-Teng Lin , Yuhui Shi

Every living organism struggles against disruptive environmental forces to carve out and maintain an orderly niche. We propose that such a struggle to achieve and preserve order might offer a principle for the emergence of useful behaviors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Glen Berseth , Daniel Geng , Coline Devin , Nicholas Rhinehart , Chelsea Finn , Dinesh Jayaraman , Sergey Levine

Federated learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train machine learning models under the coordination of a central server, while maintaining privacy. However, the server cannot directly monitor the local training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Binbin Ding , Penghui Yang , Sheng-Jun Huang

This paper studies a class of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) problems where the reward that an agent receives depends on the states of other agents, but the next state only depends on the agent's own current state and action. We…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Xin Liu , Honghao Wei , Lei Ying

The performance of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in partially observable environments depends on effectively aggregating information from observations, communications, and reward signals. While most existing multi-agent systems…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Qinwei Huang , Stefan Wang , Simon Khan , Garrett Katz , Qinru Qiu

Recent advances in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning have prompted the modeling of intricate interactions between agents in simulated environments. In particular, the predator-prey dynamics have captured substantial interest and various…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Michael Kölle , Yannick Erpelding , Fabian Ritz , Thomy Phan , Steffen Illium , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

This paper addresses a significant gap in Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) literature: the absence of effective edge-blocking ACO strategies in dynamic, real-world networks. It specifically targets the cybersecurity vulnerabilities of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Diksha Goel , Kristen Moore , Mingyu Guo , Derui Wang , Minjune Kim , Seyit Camtepe

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents are increasingly used to simulate sophisticated cyberattacks, but their decision-making processes remain opaque, hindering trust, debugging, and defensive preparedness. In high-stakes cybersecurity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Diksha Goel , Kristen Moore , Jeff Wang , Minjune Kim , Thanh Thi Nguyen