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With the increasing system complexity and attack sophistication, the necessity of autonomous cyber defense becomes vivid for cyber and cyber-physical systems (CPSs). Many existing frameworks in the current state-of-the-art either rely on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Ashutosh Dutta , Ehab Al-Shaer , Samrat Chatterjee

As autonomous agents become adept at understanding and interacting with graphical user interface (GUI) environments, a new era of automated task execution is emerging. Recent studies have demonstrated that Reinforcement Learning (RL) can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Songqin Nong , Xiaoxuan Tang , Jingxuan Xu , Sheng Zhou , Jianfeng Chen , Tao Jiang , Wenhao Xu

Reinforcement learning has been applied to a wide variety of robotics problems, but most of such applications involve collecting data from scratch for each new task. Since the amount of robot data we can collect for any single task is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Avi Singh , Albert Yu , Jonathan Yang , Jesse Zhang , Aviral Kumar , Sergey Levine

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a machine learning paradigm where an autonomous agent learns to make an optimal sequence of decisions by interacting with the underlying environment. The promise demonstrated by RL-guided workflows in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Satwik Patnaik , Vasudev Gohil , Hao Guo , Jeyavijayan , Rajendran

Fast and effective incident response is essential to prevent adversarial cyberattacks. Autonomous Cyber Defense (ACD) aims to automate incident response through Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents that plan and execute actions. Most ACD…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Sebastián R. Castro , Roberto Campbell , Nancy Lau , Octavio Villalobos , Jiaqi Duan , Alvaro A. Cardenas

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) aims to find performant policies from logged data without further environment interaction. Model-based algorithms, which learn a model of the environment from the dataset and perform conservative policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Marc Rigter , Bruno Lacerda , Nick Hawes

While current software agents powered by large language models (LLMs) and agentic reinforcement learning (RL) can boost programmer productivity, their training data (e.g., GitHub issues and pull requests) and environments (e.g.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuxiang Wei , Zhiqing Sun , Emily McMilin , Jonas Gehring , David Zhang , Gabriel Synnaeve , Daniel Fried , Lingming Zhang , Sida Wang

Mixed cooperative-competitive control scenarios such as human-machine interaction with individual goals of the interacting partners are very challenging for reinforcement learning agents. In order to contribute towards intuitive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-03 Florian Köpf , Alexander Nitsch , Michael Flad , Sören Hohmann

Reinforcement Learning (RL) in various decision-making tasks of machine learning provides effective results with an agent learning from a stand-alone reward function. However, it presents unique challenges with large amounts of environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Neda Navidi

Reinforcement learning (RL) agent development traditionally requires substantial expertise and iterative effort, often leading to high failure rates and limited accessibility. This paper introduces Agent$^2$, an LLM-driven…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuan Wei , Xiaohan Shan , Ran Miao , Jianmin Li

In this paper, a novel racing environment for OpenAI Gym is introduced. This environment operates with continuous action- and state-spaces and requires agents to learn to control the acceleration and steering of a car while navigating a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Mario S. Holubar , Marco A. Wiering

Reinforcement learning (RL) is already widely applied to applications such as robotics, but it is only sparsely used in sensor management. In this paper, we apply the popular Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) approach to a multi-agent UAV…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-10-21 André Brandenburger , Folker Hoffmann , Alexander Charlish

Training large language models (LLMs) as interactive agents presents unique challenges including long-horizon decision making and interacting with stochastic environment feedback. While reinforcement learning (RL) has enabled progress in…

This paper proposes a neural network-based user simulator that can provide a multimodal interactive environment for training Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents in collaborative tasks involving multiple modes of communication. The simulator…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) have emerged as promising methodologies for addressing challenges in automated cyber defence (ACD). These techniques offer adaptive decision-making capabilities in…

This paper addresses the challenges of training end-to-end autonomous driving agents using Reinforcement Learning (RL). RL agents are typically trained in a fixed set of scenarios and nominal behavior of surrounding road users in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Ahmed Abouelazm , Tim Weinstein , Tim Joseph , Philip Schörner , J. Marius Zöllner

Artificial intelligence systems increasingly involve continual learning to enable flexibility in general situations that are not encountered during system training. Human interaction with autonomous systems is broadly studied, but research…

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents with pre-specified reward functions cannot provide guaranteed safety across variety of circumstances that an uncertain system might encounter. To guarantee performance while assuring satisfaction of safety…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Aquib Mustafa , Majid Mazouchi , Subramanya Nageshrao , Hamidreza Modares

In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) related technology has expanded knowledge in the area, bringing to light new problems and challenges that require solutions. Furthermore, because the technology allows processes usually carried…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Cristian Millán-Arias , Ruben Contreras , Francisco Cruz , Bruno Fernandes

The ongoing rise in cyberattacks and the lack of skilled professionals in the cybersecurity domain to combat these attacks show the need for automated tools capable of detecting an attack with good performance. Attackers disguise their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Arti Bandhana , Ondřej Lukáš , Sebastian Garcia , Tomáš Kroupa