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Mathematical reasoning has been challenging for large language models (LLMs), and the introduction of step-by-step Chain-of-Thought (CoT) inference has significantly advanced the mathematical capabilities of LLMs. However, current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Lang Cao , Yingtian Zou , Chao Peng , Renhong Chen , Wu Ning , Yitong Li

Existing code reasoning methods primarily supervise final code outputs, ignoring intermediate states, often leading to reward hacking where correct answers are obtained through inconsistent reasoning. We propose StepCodeReasoner, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Hao Wang , Rui Li , Lei Sha , Jie M. Zhang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems for Large Language Models (LLMs) hold promise in knowledge-intensive tasks but face limitations in complex multi-step reasoning. While recent methods have integrated RAG with chain-of-thought…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Zhongxiang Sun , Qipeng Wang , Weijie Yu , Xiaoxue Zang , Kai Zheng , Jun Xu , Xiao Zhang , Song Yang , Han Li

Advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly improved multi-step reasoning through generating free-text rationales. However, recent studies show that LLMs tend to lose focus over the middle of long contexts. This raises…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Siyuan Wang , Enda Zhao , Zhongyu Wei , Xiang Ren

Reasoning models produce long traces of intermediate decisions and tool calls, making test-time verification important for ensuring correctness. Existing approaches either verify only the final answer, which misses early errors, or rely on…

Reinforcement learning (RL) has proven effective in strengthening the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). A widely adopted method, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), has shown strong empirical results in training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Peter Chen , Xiaopeng Li , Ziniu Li , Xi Chen , Tianyi Lin

Language agents have become a promising solution to complex interactive tasks. One of the key ingredients to the success of language agents is the reward model on the trajectory of the agentic workflow, which provides valuable guidance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Zongyu Lin , Yao Tang , Xingcheng Yao , Da Yin , Ziniu Hu , Yizhou Sun , Kai-Wei Chang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a pivotal mechanism for enhancing the complex reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). However, prevailing paradigms typically rely on solitary rollout strategies where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Lingzhuang Sun , Ruitong Liu , Yuxia Zhu , Xiaohan Xu , Jingxuan Wei , Xiangxiang Zhang , Bihui Yu , Wentao Zhang

Stepwise model routing improves the efficiency of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) by assigning each reasoning step to a suitable model. Recent methods formulate routing as a sequential decision process and train the router with reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Shenghao Ye , Yu Guo , Zhengheng Li , Shuangwu Chen , Jian Yang

Large reasoning models that use long chain-of-thought excel at problem-solving yet waste compute on redundant checks. Curbing this overthinking is hard: training-time length penalties can cripple ability, while inference-time early-exit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Benteng Chen , Weida Wang , Shufei Zhang , Mingbao Lin , Min Zhang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities but often struggle with complex, multi-step mathematical reasoning, where minor errors in visual perception or logical deduction can lead to complete failure.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Jianghangfan Zhang , Yibo Yan , Kening Zheng , Xin Zou , Song Dai , Xuming Hu

A promising approach for improving reasoning in large language models is to use process reward models (PRMs). PRMs provide feedback at each step of a multi-step reasoning trace, potentially improving credit assignment over outcome reward…

Process reward models (PRMs) that provide dense, step-level feedback have shown promise for reinforcement learning, yet their adoption remains limited by the need for expensive step-level annotations or ground truth references. We propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Salman Rahman , Sruthi Gorantla , Arpit Gupta , Swastik Roy , Nanyun Peng , Yang Liu

Chain of thought reasoning has demonstrated remarkable success in large language models, yet its adaptation to vision-language reasoning remains an open challenge with unclear best practices. Existing attempts typically employ reasoning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Honghao Chen , Xingzhou Lou , Xiaokun Feng , Kaiqi Huang , Xinlong Wang

Dialogue policy optimization often obtains feedback until task completion in task-oriented dialogue systems. This is insufficient for training intermediate dialogue turns since supervision signals (or rewards) are only provided at the end…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Xinting Huang , Jianzhong Qi , Yu Sun , Rui Zhang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become a standard paradigm for reasoning in Large Language Models. However, optimizing solely for final-answer correctness often drives models into aimless, verbose exploration,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Jiangshan Duo , Hanyu Li , Hailin Zhang , Yudong Wang , Sujian Li , Liang Zhao

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) demonstrate strong performance on complex tasks but often suffer from excessive verbosity, known as "overthinking." Existing solutions via reinforcement learning (RL) typically penalize generated tokens to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Canhui Wu , Qiong Cao , Chang Li , Zhenfang Wang , Chao Xue , Yuwei Fan , Wei Xi , Xiaodong He

Reward modeling is essential for aligning large language models with human preferences through reinforcement learning. To provide accurate reward signals, a reward model (RM) should stimulate deep thinking and conduct interpretable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Xiusi Chen , Gaotang Li , Ziqi Wang , Bowen Jin , Cheng Qian , Yu Wang , Hongru Wang , Yu Zhang , Denghui Zhang , Tong Zhang , Hanghang Tong , Heng Ji

With recent advancements in large language models, methods like chain-of-thought prompting to elicit reasoning chains have been shown to improve results on reasoning tasks. However, tasks that require multiple steps of reasoning still pose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Olga Golovneva , Sean O'Brien , Ramakanth Pasunuru , Tianlu Wang , Luke Zettlemoyer , Maryam Fazel-Zarandi , Asli Celikyilmaz

Reward models play a critical role in guiding large language models toward outputs that align with human expectations. However, an open challenge remains in effectively utilizing test-time compute to enhance reward model performance. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiaxin Guo , Zewen Chi , Li Dong , Qingxiu Dong , Xun Wu , Shaohan Huang , Furu Wei