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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a broad spectrum of tasks, including natural language understanding, dialogue systems, and code generation. Despite evident progress, less attention has been paid…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Manuel Alejandro Borroto Santana , Erica Coppolillo , Francesco Calimeri , Giuseppe Manco , Simona Perri , Francesco Ricca

The coding capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have opened up new opportunities for automatic statistical analysis in machine learning and data science. However, before their widespread adoption, it is crucial to assess the…

Applications · Statistics 2025-02-26 Xinyi Song , Lina Lee , Kexin Xie , Xueying Liu , Xinwei Deng , Yili Hong

Large Language Models (LLMs) typically excel at coding tasks involving high-level programming languages, as opposed to lower-level programming languages, such as assembly. We propose a synthetic data generation method named C-ing Clearly,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Teodor Poncu , Ioana Pintilie , Marius Dragoi , Dragos Tantaru , Florin Brad

The development of complex software requires tools promoting fail-fast approaches, so that bugs and unexpected behavior can be quickly identified and fixed. Tools for data validation may save the day of computer programmers. In fact,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Mario Alviano , Carmine Dodaro , Arnel Zamayla

In the past few years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have exploded in usefulness and popularity for code generation tasks. However, LLMs still struggle with accuracy and are unsuitable for high-risk applications without additional oversight…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-29 William Murphy , Nikolaus Holzer , Feitong Qiao , Leyi Cui , Raven Rothkopf , Nathan Koenig , Mark Santolucito

Formal Methods (FMs) are currently essential for verifying the safety and reliability of software systems. However, the specification writing in formal methods tends to be complex and challenging to learn, requiring familiarity with various…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Jianyu Zhang , Long Zhang , Yixuan Wu , Feng Yang

Automatic software verification tools help to find hard-to-detect faults in programs checked against specified requirements non-interactively. Besides, they can prove program correctness formally under certain assumptions. These…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Ilja Zakharov , Evgeny Novikov , Ilya Shchepetkov

Formal verification of memory-manipulating programs critically depends on precise function specifications that capture memory states written by experts. This requirement has become a major bottleneck as large language models (LLMs)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Liao Zhang , Tong Chen , Xiwei Wu , Qi Liu , Xiyu Zhai , Xinqi Wang , Qinxiang Cao

The use of large language models for code generation is a rapidly growing trend in software development. However, without effective methods for ensuring the correctness of generated code, this trend could lead to undesirable outcomes. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Chuyue Sun , Ying Sheng , Oded Padon , Clark Barrett

Analysis tools like abstract interpreters, symbolic execution tools and testing tools usually require a proper context to give useful results when analyzing a particular function. Such a context initializes the function parameters and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-09-15 Michele Alberti , Julien Signoles

In the digital age, ensuring the correctness, safety, and reliability of software through formal verification is paramount, particularly as software increasingly underpins critical infrastructure. Formal verification, split into theorem…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Zhiyong Chen , Jialun Cao , Jiarong Wu , Chang Xu , Shing-Chi Cheung

Code contracts provide a robust way to specify functional requirements of safety-critical software in embedded systems. For example, the ANSI/ISO C Specification Language (ACSL) can be used to specify the functional behavior of C code that…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jesper Amilon , Merlijn Sevenhuijsen , Mattias Nyberg , Karl Palmskog

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has greatly facilitated code generation, but ensuring the functional correctness of generated code remains a challenge. Traditional validation methods are often time-consuming, error-prone, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Pooja Aggarwal , Oishik Chatterjee , Ting Dai , Prateeti Mohapatra , Brent Paulovicks , Brad Blancett , Arthur De Magalhaes

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant strides in code generation, achieving impressive capabilities in synthesizing code snippets from natural language instructions. However, a critical challenge remains in ensuring LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Jian Yang , Wei Zhang , Yizhi Li , Shawn Guo , Haowen Wang , Aishan Liu , Ge Zhang , Zili Wang , Zhoujun Li , Xianglong Liu , Weifeng Lv

Maintaining consistency between code and documentation is a crucial yet frequently overlooked aspect of software development. Even minor mismatches can confuse API users, introduce new bugs, and increase overall maintenance effort. This…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Tobias Kiecker , Jan Arne Sparka , Martin Reuter , Albert Ziegler , Lars Grunske

Automated testing plays a crucial role in ensuring software security. It heavily relies on formal specifications to validate the correctness of the system behavior. However, the main approach to defining these formal specifications is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Hui Li , Zhen Dong , Siao Wang , Hui Zhang , Liwei Shen , Xin Peng , Dongdong She

Formal specification is essential for rigorous program verification, yet writing correct specifications remains costly and difficult to automate. Although large language models (LLMs) and agents have shown promising progress, their true…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Dong Xu , Jialun Cao , Guozhao Mo , Junjie Hu , Cheng Wen , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Shengchao Qin , Cong Tian , Shing-Chi Cheung , Le Sun , Yaojie Lu

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly embedded in software engineering workflows, a critical capability remains underexplored: generating correct code that enables cross-programming-language (CPL) interoperability. This skill…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Zhanhang Xiong , Dongxia Wang , Yuekang Li , Xinyuan An , Wenhai Wang

We introduce the Formally Verified Automated Programming Progress Standards, or FVAPPS, a benchmark of 4715 samples for writing programs and proving their correctness, the largest formal verification benchmark, including 1083 curated and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Quinn Dougherty , Ronak Mehta

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in code generation, but their proficiency in producing secure code remains a critical, under-explored area. Existing benchmarks often fall short by relying on synthetic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yanlin Wang , Ziyao Zhang , Chong Wang , Xinyi Xu , Mingwei Liu , Yong Wang , Jiachi Chen , Zibin Zheng