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Temporal question answering (TQA) remains a challenge for large language models (LLMs), particularly when retrieved content may be irrelevant, outdated, or temporally inconsistent. This is especially critical in applications like clinical…

This paper addresses the challenge of comprehending very long contexts in Large Language Models (LLMs) by proposing a method that emulates Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) through specialized prompt engineering and chain-of-thought…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Joon Park , Kyohei Atarashi , Koh Takeuchi , Hisashi Kashima

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful approach for enhancing large language models' question-answering capabilities through the integration of external knowledge. However, when adapting RAG systems to specialized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Xin Sun , Zhongqi Chen , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Bowen Song , Weiqiang Wang , Zilei Wang , Liang Wang

Time plays a critical role in how information is generated, retrieved, and interpreted. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of Temporal Question Answering (TQA), a research area that focuses on answering questions involving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Bhawna Piryani , Abdelrahman Abdallah , Jamshid Mozafari , Avishek Anand , Adam Jatowt

We propose XRAG, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the generation abilities of LLMs in cross-lingual Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) settings where the user language does not match the retrieval results. XRAG is constructed from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Wei Liu , Sony Trenous , Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Bill Byrne , Felix Hieber

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in general domains but often struggle with tasks requiring specialized knowledge. Conventional Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) techniques typically retrieve external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Yucheng Shi , Tianze Yang , Canyu Chen , Quanzheng Li , Tianming Liu , Xiang Li , Ninghao Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems in the legal domain face a critical challenge: standard, flat-text retrieval is blind to the hierarchical, diachronic, and causal structure of law, leading to anachronistic and unreliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Hudson de Martim

The performance of language models is commonly limited by insufficient knowledge and constrained reasoning. Prior approaches such as Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and Chain-of-Thought (CoT) address these issues by incorporating…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Xinyi Duan , Yuanrong Tang , Jiangtao Gong

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in a wide range of tasks, yet their application to specialized domains remains challenging due to the need for deep expertise. Retrieval-Augmented generation (RAG) has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Qinggang Zhang , Shengyuan Chen , Yuanchen Bei , Zheng Yuan , Huachi Zhou , Zijin Hong , Hao Chen , Yilin Xiao , Chuang Zhou , Junnan Dong , Yi Chang , Xiao Huang

Generating high-quality answers consistently by providing contextual information embedded in the prompt passed to the Large Language Model (LLM) is dependent on the quality of information retrieval. As the corpus of contextual information…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Sai Ganesh , Anupam Purwar , Gautam B

Time series modeling is crucial for many applications, however, it faces challenges such as complex spatio-temporal dependencies and distribution shifts in learning from historical context to predict task-specific outcomes. To address these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Chidaksh Ravuru , Sagar Srinivas Sakhinana , Venkataramana Runkana

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) allows overcoming the limited knowledge of LLMs by extending the input with external information. As a consequence, the contextual inputs to the model become much longer which slows down decoding time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 David Rau , Shuai Wang , Hervé Déjean , Stéphane Clinchant

The use of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to retrieve relevant information from an external knowledge source enables large language models (LLMs) to answer questions over private and/or previously unseen document collections. However,…

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems using large language models (LLMs) often generate inaccurate responses due to the retrieval of irrelevant or loosely related information. Existing methods, which operate at the document level,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Ishneet Sukhvinder Singh , Ritvik Aggarwal , Ibrahim Allahverdiyev , Muhammad Taha , Aslihan Akalin , Kevin Zhu , Sean O'Brien

Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (GRAG or Graph RAG) architectures aim to enhance language understanding and generation by leveraging external knowledge. However, effectively capturing and integrating the rich semantic information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Karishma Thakrar

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances language model performance by incorporating external knowledge retrieved from large corpora, which makes it highly suitable for tasks such as open domain question answering. Standard RAG systems…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Malika Iratni , Mohand Boughanem , Taoufiq Dkaki

E-commerce product pages contain a mix of structured specifications, unstructured reviews, and contextual elements like personalized offers or regional variants. Although informative, this volume can lead to cognitive overload, making it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Praveen Tangarajan , Anand A. Rajasekar , Manish Rathi , Vinay Rao Dandin , Ozan Ersoy

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) works as a backbone for interacting with an enterprise's own data via Conversational Question Answering (ConvQA). In a RAG system, a retriever fetches passages from a collection in response to a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Rishiraj Saha Roy , Joel Schlotthauer , Chris Hinze , Andreas Foltyn , Luzian Hahn , Fabian Kuech

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising paradigm for enhancing large language models (LLMs) on multi-hop question answering (QA), which requires reasoning over evidence from multiple documents. Current multi-hop RAG…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yikai Zhu , Kunfeng Chen , Qihuang Zhong , Juhua Liu , Bo Du

Proprietary corporate documents contain rich domain-specific knowledge, but their overwhelming volume and disorganized structure make it difficult even for employees to access the right information when needed. For example, in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Nayoung Choi , Grace Byun , Andrew Chung , Ellie S. Paek , Shinsun Lee , Jinho D. Choi