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Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable potential as autonomous agents, particularly in web-based tasks. However, existing LLM web agents heavily rely on expensive proprietary LLM APIs, while open LLMs lack the necessary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Zehan Qi , Xiao Liu , Iat Long Iong , Hanyu Lai , Xueqiao Sun , Wenyi Zhao , Yu Yang , Xinyue Yang , Jiadai Sun , Shuntian Yao , Tianjie Zhang , Wei Xu , Jie Tang , Yuxiao Dong

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has been propelled by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) and test-time scaling. However, the limited output length of LLMs constrains the depth of reasoning attainable in a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Shulin Liu , Dong Du , Tao Yang , Yang Li , Boyu Qiu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm in Artificial Intelligence (AI), enabling agents to learn optimal behaviors through interactions with their environments. Drawing from the foundations of trial and error, RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Majid Ghasemi , Amir Hossein Moosavi , Dariush Ebrahimi

Artificial intelligence systems increasingly involve continual learning to enable flexibility in general situations that are not encountered during system training. Human interaction with autonomous systems is broadly studied, but research…

Interactive reinforcement learning (IRL) extends traditional reinforcement learning (RL) by allowing an agent to interact with parent-like trainers during a task. In this paper, we present an IRL approach using dynamic audio-visual input in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-27 Francisco Cruz , German I. Parisi , Stefan Wermter

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a powerful machine learning paradigm that has been applied in various fields such as robotics, natural language processing and game playing achieving state-of-the-art results. Targeted to solve sequential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Simon Schindler , Martin Uray , Stefan Huber

Using touch devices to navigate in virtual 3D environments such as computer assisted design (CAD) models or geographical information systems (GIS) is inherently difficult for humans, as the 3D operations have to be performed by the user on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Quentin Debard , Jilles Steeve Dibangoye , Stéphane Canu , Christian Wolf

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have demonstrated remarkable progress in automating complex user interface interactions through reinforcement learning. However, current approaches face a fundamental dilemma: offline RL enables stable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Zhengxi Lu , Jiabo Ye , Fei Tang , Yongliang Shen , Haiyang Xu , Ziwei Zheng , Weiming Lu , Ming Yan , Fei Huang , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang

Recent approaches have utilized self-supervised auxiliary tasks as representation learning to improve the performance and sample efficiency of vision-based reinforcement learning algorithms in single-agent settings. However, in multi-agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Haolin Song , Mingxiao Feng , Wengang Zhou , Houqiang Li

Feature transformation enhances downstream task performance by generating informative features through mathematical feature crossing. Despite the advancements in deep learning, feature transformation remains essential for structured data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Tao Zhe , Huazhen Fang , Kunpeng Liu , Qian Lou , Tamzidul Hoque , Dongjie Wang

Agentic reinforcement learning (RL) has proven effective for training LLM-based agents with external tool-use capabilities. However, we identify that agentic RL training induces increasing redundant tool calls and blurs the model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Dingwei Chen , Zefang Zong , Zhipeng Ma , Leo Luo , Yang Li , Chengming Li , Peng Chen , Jie Jiang

Agent-based models (ABMs) have shown promise for modelling various real world phenomena incompatible with traditional equilibrium analysis. However, a critical concern is the manual definition of behavioural rules in ABMs. Recent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Benjamin Patrick Evans , Sumitra Ganesh

In this paper, we present a deep reinforcement learning (RL) framework for iterative dialog policy optimization in end-to-end task-oriented dialog systems. Popular approaches in learning dialog policy with RL include letting a dialog agent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-20 Bing Liu , Ian Lane

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a popular machine learning paradigm where intelligent agents interact with the environment to fulfill a long-term goal. Driven by the resurgence of deep learning, Deep RL (DRL) has witnessed great success over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Yunpeng Qing , Shunyu Liu , Jie Song , Yang Zhou , Kaixuan Chen , Huiqiong Wang , Mingli Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced artificial intelligence by enabling human-like text generation and natural language understanding. However, their reliance on static training data limits their ability to respond to dynamic,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Aditi Singh , Abul Ehtesham , Saket Kumar , Tala Talaei Khoei , Athanasios V. Vasilakos

Standard reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) agents typically optimizes extrinsic rewards, prioritizing isolated task completion over continual adaptation. Consequently, agents often converge to suboptimal policies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Xiaoying Zhang , Zichen Liu , Yipeng Zhang , Xia Hu , Wenqi Shao

Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) is the dominant standard for interoperable exchange of healthcare data. In FHIR, electronic health records form a directed graph of resources. Answering clinically meaningful questions over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Marius S. Knorr , Robert Müller , Jan P. Bremer , Nils Schweingruber

Reinforcement learning (RL) provides a naturalistic framing for learning through trial and error, which is appealing both because of its simplicity and effectiveness and because of its resemblance to how humans and animals acquire skills…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Archit Sharma , Kelvin Xu , Nikhil Sardana , Abhishek Gupta , Karol Hausman , Sergey Levine , Chelsea Finn

Scalability is the key roadstone towards the application of cooperative intelligent algorithms in large-scale networks. Reinforcement learning (RL) is known as model-free and high efficient intelligent algorithm for communication problems…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-08 Fenghe Hu , Yansha Deng , A. Hamid Aghvami

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has recently witnessed significant advances that have led to multiple successes in solving sequential decision-making problems in various domains, particularly in wireless communications. The future…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Amal Feriani , Ekram Hossain