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The key challenge in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era is finding useful circuits compatible with current device limitations. Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) offer a potential solution by fixing the circuit architecture and…

Variational quantum algorithms are viewed as promising candidates for demonstrating quantum advantage on near-term devices. These approaches typically involve the training of parameterized quantum circuits through a classical optimization…

Reinforcement learning (RL) promises to enable autonomous acquisition of complex behaviors for diverse agents. However, the success of current reinforcement learning algorithms is predicated on an often under-emphasised requirement -- each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Archit Sharma , Abhishek Gupta , Sergey Levine , Karol Hausman , Chelsea Finn

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) represent a promising pathway toward achieving practical quantum advantage on near-term hardware. Despite this promise, for generic, expressive ans\"atze, their scalability is critically hindered by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-26 Chenfeng Cao , Yeqing Zhou , Swamit Tannu , Nic Shannon , Robert Joynt

Two main challenges preventing efficient training of variational quantum algorithms and quantum machine learning models are local minima and barren plateaus. Typically, barren plateaus are associated with deep circuits, while shallow…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-10 Nikita A. Nemkov , Evgeniy O. Kiktenko , Aleksey K. Fedorov

The advent of promising quantum error correction (QEC) codes with efficient resource utilization and high-performance fault-tolerant quantum memories signifies a critical step towards realizing practical quantum computation. While surface…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Yidong Zhou , Lingyi Kong , Yifeng Peng , Zhiding Liang

The ability to prepare a physical system in a desired quantum state is central to many areas of physics such as nuclear magnetic resonance, cold atoms, and quantum computing. Yet, preparing states quickly and with high fidelity remains a…

Variational quantum circuits have been widely employed in quantum simulation and quantum machine learning in recent years. However, quantum circuits with random structures have poor trainability due to the exponentially vanishing gradient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-20 Kaining Zhang , Liu Liu , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Dacheng Tao

The promise of fault-tolerant quantum computing is challenged by environmental drift that relentlessly degrades the quality of quantum operations. The contemporary solution, halting the entire quantum computation for recalibration, is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Volodymyr Sivak , Alexis Morvan , Michael Broughton , Rodrigo G. Cortiñas , Johannes Bausch , Andrew W. Senior , Matthew Neeley , Alec Eickbusch , Noah Shutty , Laleh Aghababaie Beni , James S. Spencer , Francisco J. H Heras , Thomas Edlich , Dmitry Abanin , Amira Abbas , Rajeev Acharya , Georg Aigeldinger , Ross Alcaraz , Sayra Alcaraz , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Walt Askew , Nikita Astrakhantsev , Juan Atalaya , Brian Ballard , Joseph C. Bardin , Hector Bates , Andreas Bengtsson , Majid Bigdeli Karimi , Alexander Bilmes , Simon Bilodeau , Felix Borjans , Alexandre Bourassa , Jenna Bovaird , Dylan Bowers , Leon Brill , Peter Brooks , David A. Browne , Brett Buchea , Bob B. Buckley , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Jamal Busnaina , Anthony Cabrera , Juan Campero , Hung-Shen Chang , Silas Chen , Ben Chiaro , Liang-Ying Chih , Agnetta Y. Cleland , Bryan Cochrane , Matt Cockrell , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , Harold Cook , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Martin Damyanov , Sayan Das , Dripto M. Debroy , Sean Demura , Paul Donohoe , Ilya Drozdov , Andrew Dunsworth , Valerie Ehimhen , Aviv Moshe Elbag , Lior Ella , Mahmoud Elzouka , David Enriquez , Catherine Erickson , Vinicius S. Ferreira , Marcos Flores , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Jeremiah Ford , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , Masaya Fukami , Alan Wing Lun Fung , Lenny Fuste , Suhas Ganjam , Gonzalo Garcia , Christopher Garrick , Robert Gasca , Helge Gehring , Robert Geiger , Élie Genois , William Giang , Dar Gilboa , James E. Goeders , Edward C. Gonzales , Raja Gosula , Stijn J. de Graaf , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Dietrich Graumann , Joel Grebel , Alex Greene , Jonathan A. Gross , Jose Guerrero , Loïck Le Guevel , Tan Ha , Steve Habegger , Tanner Hadick , Ali Hadjikhani , Michael C. Hamilton , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Jeanne Hartshorn , Stephen Heslin , Paula Heu , Oscar Higgott , Reno Hiltermann , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Mike Hucka , Christopher Hudspeth , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Evan Jeffrey , Shaun Jevons , Zhang Jiang , Xiaoxuan Jin , Chaitali Joshi , Pavol Juhas , Andreas Kabel , Dvir Kafri , Hui Kang , Kiseo Kang , Amir H. Karamlou , Ryan Kaufman , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Seon Kim , Can M. Knaut , Bryce Kobrin , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , Ryuho Kudo , Ben Kueffler , Arun Kumar , Vladislav D. Kurilovich , Vitali Kutsko , Nathan Lacroix , David Landhuis , Tiano Lange-Dei , Brandon W. Langley , Pavel Laptev , Kim-Ming Lau , Justin Ledford , Joy Lee , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Wendy Leung , Lily Li , Wing Yan Li , Ming Li , Alexander T. Lill , William P. Livingston , Matthew T. 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Rower , Robert Salazar , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Murat Can Sarihan , Kevin J. Satzinger , Max Schaefer , Sebastian Schroeder , Henry F. Schurkus , Aria Shahingohar , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Vladimir Shvarts , Spencer Small , W. Clarke Smith , David A. Sobel , Barrett Spells , Sofia Springer , George Sterling , Jordan Suchard , Aaron Szasz , Alexander Sztein , Madeline Taylor , Jothi Priyanka Thiruraman , Douglas Thor , Dogan Timucin , Eifu Tomita , Alfredo Torres , M. Mert Torunbalci , Hao Tran , Abeer Vaishnav , Justin Vargas , Sergey Vdovichev , Guifre Vidal , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Meghan Voorhees , Steven Waltman , Jonathan Waltz , Shannon X. Wang , Brayden Ware , James D. Watson , Yonghua Wei , Travis Weidel , Theodore White , Kristi Wong , Bryan W. K. Woo , Christopher J. Wood , Maddy Woodson , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Bicheng Ying , Juhwan Yoo , Noureldin Yosri , Elliot Young , Grayson Young , Adam Zalcman , Ran Zhang , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu , Nicholas Zobrist , Zhenjie Zou , Ryan Babbush , Dave Bacon , Sergio Boixo , Yu Chen , Zijun Chen , Michel Devoret , Monica Hansen , Jeremy Hilton , Cody Jones , Julian Kelly , Alexander N. Korotkov , Erik Lucero , Anthony Megrant , Hartmut Neven , William D. Oliver , Ganesh Ramachandran , Vadim Smelyanskiy , Paul V. Klimov

Variational Quantum Circuits are being used as versatile Quantum Machine Learning models. Some empirical results exhibit an advantage in supervised and generative learning tasks. However, when applied to Reinforcement Learning, less is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 André Sequeira , Luis Paulo Santos , Luís Soares Barbosa

Quantum Reinforcement Learning (QRL) offers potential advantages over classical Reinforcement Learning, such as compact state space representation and faster convergence in certain scenarios. However, practical benefits require further…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-05 Michael Kölle , Daniel Seidl , Maximilian Zorn , Philipp Altmann , Jonas Stein , Thomas Gabor

The recent advancements in Vision Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated progress toward true intelligence requiring robust reasoning capabilities. Beyond pattern recognition, linguistic reasoning must integrate with visual comprehension,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yunfei Bai , Amit Dhanda , Shekhar Jain

In recent years, quantum computing (QC) has been getting a lot of attention from industry and academia. Especially, among various QC research topics, variational quantum circuit (VQC) enables quantum deep reinforcement learning (QRL). Many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-12 Won Joon Yun , Yunseok Kwak , Jae Pyoung Kim , Hyunhee Cho , Soyi Jung , Jihong Park , Joongheon Kim

Quantum chemistry and optimization are two of the most prominent applications of quantum computers. Variational quantum algorithms have been proposed for solving problems in these domains. However, the design of the quantum circuit ansatz…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) consists of designing agents that make intelligent decisions without human supervision. When used alongside function approximators such as Neural Networks (NNs), RL is capable of solving extremely complex…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-13 Rodrigo Coelho , André Sequeira , Luís Paulo Santos

Optimized control of quantum networks is essential for enabling distributed quantum applications with strict performance requirements. In near-term architectures with constrained hardware, effective control may determine the feasibility of…

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) is considered to be one of the most promising applications of near term quantum devices. However, the optimization of quantum machine learning models presents numerous challenges arising from the imperfections…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Owen Lockwood

Quantum computing leverages quantum mechanics to address computational problems in ways that differ fundamentally from classical approaches. While current quantum hardware remains error-prone and limited in scale, Variational Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-16 Michael Kölle , Simon Salfer , Tobias Rohe , Philipp Altmann , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) have emerged as pivotal strategies for attaining quantum advantage in diverse scientific and technological domains, notably within Quantum Neural Networks. However, despite their potential, VQAs…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-22 Lucas Friedrich , Tiago de Souza Farias , Jonas Maziero

Quantum computing has promised significant improvement in solving difficult computational tasks over classical computers. Designing quantum circuits for practical use, however, is not a trivial objective and requires expert-level knowledge.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-14 Esther Ye , Samuel Yen-Chi Chen