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In hybrid classical-quantum computing, variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have emerged as a promising approach in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era; however, their performance is often hindered by barren plateaus, where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-15 Zhehao Yi , Rahul Bhadani

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) that estimate values of widely used physical quantities such as the rank, quantum entropies, the Bures fidelity and the quantum Fisher information of mixed quantum states are developed. In addition,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-17 Kok Chuan Tan , Tyler Volkoff

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) incorporate hybrid quantum-classical computation aimed at harnessing the power of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers to solve challenging computational problems. In this thesis, three…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Mirko Consiglio

In variational quantum algorithms the parameters of a parameterized quantum circuit are optimized in order to minimize a cost function that encodes the solution of the problem. The barren plateau phenomenon manifests as an exponentially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-14 Marco Schumann , Frank K. Wilhelm , Alessandro Ciani

Hybrid variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are promising for solving practical problems such as combinatorial optimization, quantum chemistry simulation, quantum machine learning, and quantum error correction on noisy quantum computers.…

Parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) have been widely used as a machine learning model to explore the potential of achieving quantum advantages for various tasks. However, training PQCs is notoriously challenging owing to the phenomenon of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-06 Yabo Wang , Bo Qi , Chris Ferrie , Daoyi Dong

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA), which is a variational quantum algorithm, aims to give sub-optimal solutions of combinatorial optimization problems. It is widely believed that QAOA has the potential to demonstrate…

In recent times, Variational Quantum Circuits (VQC) have been widely adopted to different tasks in machine learning such as Combinatorial Optimization and Supervised Learning. With the growing interest, it is pertinent to study the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-13 Dheeraj Peddireddy , Vipul Bansal , Vaneet Aggarwal

Quantum generative models exploit quantum superposition and entanglement to enhance learning efficiency for both classical and quantum data. Recently, inspired by classical diffusion frameworks, the quantum denoising diffusion probabilistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Haipeng Cao , Kaining Zhang , Dacheng Tao , Zhaofeng Su

Vanishing gradients can pose substantial obstacles for high-dimensional optimization problems. Here we consider energy minimization problems for quantum many-body systems with extensive Hamiltonians and finite-range interactions, which can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Thomas Barthel , Qiang Miao

Quantum computers currently rely on a hybrid quantum-classical approach known as Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) to solve problems. Still, there are several challenges with VQAs on the classical computing side: it corresponds to a…

Variational Quantum Eigensolvers (VQEs) are a leading class of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) algorithms with broad applications in quantum physics and quantum chemistry. However, as system size increases, VQE optimization is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Chi Zhang , Lei Jiang , Fan Chen

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a powerful tool in solving various combinatorial problems such as Maximum Satisfiability and Maximum Cut. Hard computational problems, however, require deep circuits that place high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Malick A. Gaye , Omar Shehab , Paraj Titum , Gregory Quiroz

Barren plateaus are fundamentally a statement about quantum loss landscapes on average but there can, and generally will, exist patches of barren plateau landscapes with substantial gradients. Previous work has studied certain classes of…

Variational quantum circuits (VQCs) are a central component of many quantum machine learning algorithms, offering a hybrid quantum-classical framework that, under certain aspects, can be considered similar to classical deep neural networks.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Nicola Assolini , Luca Marzari , Isabella Mastroeni , Alessandra di Pierro

Variational quantum algorithms are promising candidates for near-term quantum computing but can be hindered by barren plateaus, where gradients vanish exponentially and optimization becomes intractable. Noise-Induced Barren Plateaus (NIBP)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Sebastian Schmitt , Linus Ekstrøm , Alberto Bottarelli , Xavier Bonet-Monroig

Barren plateau landscapes correspond to gradients that vanish exponentially in the number of qubits. Such landscapes have been demonstrated for variational quantum algorithms and quantum neural networks with either deep circuits or global…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-06 Andrew Arrasmith , M. Cerezo , Piotr Czarnik , Lukasz Cincio , Patrick J. Coles

In this article we introduce an algorithm for mitigating the adverse effects of noise on gradient descent in variational quantum algorithms. This is accomplished by computing a {\emph{regularized}} local classical approximation to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-07 Lars Simon , Holger Eble , Hagen-Henrik Kowalski , Manuel Radons

Barren plateaus in variational quantum algorithms are typically described by gradient concentration at random initialization. In contrast, rigorous results for the Hessian, even at the level of entry-wise variance, remain limited. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Yihan Huang , Yangshuai Wang

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are expected to be a path to quantum advantages on noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. However, both empirical and theoretical results exhibit that the deployed ansatz heavily affects the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-31 Yuxuan Du , Tao Huang , Shan You , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Dacheng Tao