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In the software industry, the drive to add new features often overshadows the need to improve existing code. Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a new approach to improving codebases at an unprecedented scale through AI-assisted refactoring.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Markus Borg

Artifact Evaluation (AE) is essential for ensuring the transparency and reliability of research, closing the gap between exploratory work and real-world deployment is particularly important in cybersecurity, particularly in IoT and CPSs,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-16 David Heye , Karl Kindermann , Robin Decker , Johannes Lohmöller , Anastasiia Belova , Sandra Geisler , Klaus Wehrle , Jan Pennekamp

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved automated code generation. While existing approaches have achieved strong performance at the function and file levels, real-world software engineering requires…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yicheng Tao , Yuante Li , Yao Qin , Yepang Liu

Large Language Model (LLMs) such as ChatGPT that exhibit generative AI capabilities are facing accelerated adoption and innovation. The increased presence of Generative AI (GAI) inevitably raises concerns about the risks and safety…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Jaymari Chua , Yun Li , Shiyi Yang , Chen Wang , Lina Yao

Rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved major advances in reasoning, planning, and function-calling capabilities. Multi-agentic collaborative frameworks using such LLMs place them at the center of solving software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Swapnil Shinde , Sahil Wadhwa , Andy Luo , Akshay Gupta , Mohammad Shahed Sorower

Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly integrated into practical hardware and firmware development pipelines for code generation. Existing studies have primarily focused on evaluating the functional correctness of LLM-generated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Qirui Chen , Jingxian Shuai , Shuangwu Chen , Shenghao Ye , Zijian Wen , Xufei Su , Jie Jin , Jiangming Li , Jun Chen , Xiaobin Tan , Jian Yang

This study compares state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs) on their tendency to generate vulnerabilities when writing C programs using a neutral zero-shot prompt. Tihanyi et al. introduced the FormAI dataset at PROMISE'23, featuring…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Norbert Tihanyi , Tamas Bisztray , Mohamed Amine Ferrag , Ridhi Jain , Lucas C. Cordeiro

To evaluate the repository-level code generation capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in complex real-world software development scenarios, many evaluation methods have been developed. These methods typically leverage contextual…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Dewu Zheng , Yanlin Wang , Ensheng Shi , Ruikai Zhang , Yuchi Ma , Hongyu Zhang , Zibin Zheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used for automated code generation. Their reliance on infrequently updated pretraining data leaves them unaware of newly discovered vulnerabilities and evolving security standards, making them prone…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Manisha Mukherjee , Vincent J. Hellendoorn

With their increasing capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) are now used across many industries. They have become useful tools for software engineers and support a wide range of development tasks. As LLMs are increasingly used in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Marc Damie , Murat Bilgehan Ertan , Domenico Essoussi , Angela Makhanu , Gaëtan Peter , Roos Wensveen

Large language models (LLMs) like GitHub Copilot and ChatGPT have emerged as powerful tools for code generation, significantly enhancing productivity and accelerating software development. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Yixi Wu , Pengfei He , Zehao Wang , Shaowei Wang , Yuan Tian , Tse-Hsun Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly capable of generating functional source code, raising concerns about authorship, accountability, and security. While detecting AI-generated code is critical, existing datasets and benchmarks are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Daniil Orel , Dilshod Azizov , Indraneil Paul , Yuxia Wang , Iryna Gurevych , Preslav Nakov

Large language models (LLMs) are gaining increasing popularity in software engineering (SE) due to their unprecedented performance across various applications. These models are increasingly being utilized for a range of SE tasks, including…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Xing Hu , Feifei Niu , Junkai Chen , Xin Zhou , Junwei Zhang , Junda He , Xin Xia , David Lo

Despite the impressive performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in software development activities, recent studies show the concern of introducing vulnerabilities into software codebase by AI programming assistants (e.g., Copilot,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Sung Yong Kim , Zhiyu Fan , Yannic Noller , Abhik Roychoudhury

AI coding assistants powered by large language models (LLMs) have transformed software development, significantly boosting productivity. While existing benchmarks evaluate the correctness and security of LLM-generated code, they are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Ruchit Rawal , Jeffrey Yang Fan Chiang , Chihao Shen , Jeffery Siyuan Tian , Aastha Mahajan , Tom Goldstein , Yizheng Chen

Most safety testing efforts for large language models (LLMs) today focus on evaluating foundation models. However, there is a growing need to evaluate safety at the application level, as components such as system prompts, retrieval…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Jia Yi Goh , Shaun Khoo , Nyx Iskandar , Gabriel Chua , Leanne Tan , Jessica Foo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are one of the most promising developments in the field of artificial intelligence, and the software engineering community has readily noticed their potential role in the software development life-cycle.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Greta Dolcetti , Vincenzo Arceri , Eleonora Iotti , Sergio Maffeis , Agostino Cortesi , Enea Zaffanella

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent an advanced evolution of earlier, simpler language models. They boast enhanced abilities to handle complex language patterns and generate coherent text, images, audios, and videos. Furthermore, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Jun Huang , Jiawei Zhang , Qi Wang , Weihong Han , Yanchun Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) and autonomous coding agents are increasingly used to generate software across a wide range of domains. Yet a core requirement remains unmet: ensuring that generated code is secure without compromising its…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Abhijeet Pathak , Suvadra Barua , Dinesh Gudimetla , Rupam Patir , Jiawei Guo , Hongxin Hu , Haipeng Cai

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for code generation in high-stakes software development, yet their limited transparency in security reasoning and brittleness to evolving vulnerability patterns raise critical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Manisha Mukherjee , Vincent J. Hellendoorn