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The rapid progress of Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies has led to the widespread availability and effectiveness of text generation tools such as ChatGPT and Claude. While highly useful, these technologies also pose significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Chao Zhou , Cheng Qiu , Lizhen Liang , Daniel E. Acuna

In translation, a concept represented by a single word in a source language can have multiple variations in a target language. The task of lexical selection requires using context to identify which variation is most appropriate for a source…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Josh Barua , Sanjay Subramanian , Kayo Yin , Alane Suhr

Text simplification supports second language (L2) learning by providing comprehensible input, consistent with the Input Hypothesis. However, constructing personalized parallel corpora is costly, while existing large language model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jinhong Jeong , Junghun Park , Youngjae Yu

Gender-inclusive language is important for achieving gender equality in languages with gender inflections, such as German. While stirring some controversy, it is increasingly adopted by companies and political institutions. A handful of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-07 David Pomerenke

The Parallel Meaning Bank is a corpus of translations annotated with shared, formal meaning representations comprising over 11 million words divided over four languages (English, German, Italian, and Dutch). Our approach is based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-15 Lasha Abzianidze , Johannes Bjerva , Kilian Evang , Hessel Haagsma , Rik van Noord , Pierre Ludmann , Duc-Duy Nguyen , Johan Bos

In recent years, various methods have been proposed to evaluate gender bias in large language models (LLMs). A key challenge lies in the transferability of bias measurement methods initially developed for the English language when applied…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Kristin Gnadt , David Thulke , Simone Kopeinik , Ralf Schlüter

Readability refers to how easily a reader can understand a written text. Several factors affect the readability level, such as the complexity of the text, its subject matter, and the reader's background knowledge. Generating summaries based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Mohit Bansal , Markus Dreyer

Machine learning-based automatic scoring faces challenges with unbalanced student responses across scoring categories. To address this, we introduce a novel text data augmentation framework leveraging GPT-4, a generative large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Luyang Fang , Gyeong-Geon Lee , Xiaoming Zhai

We introduce a novel paraphrastic augmentation strategy based on sentence-level lexically constrained paraphrasing and discriminative span alignment. Our approach allows for the large-scale expansion of existing resources, or the rapid…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Ryan Culkin , J. Edward Hu , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Guanghui Qin , Benjamin Van Durme

We propose a new large-scale (nearly a million questions) ultra-long-context (more than 50,000 words average document length) reading comprehension dataset. Using GPT 3.5, we summarized each scene in 1,500 hand-curated fiction books from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Arseny Moskvichev , Ky-Vinh Mai

The automated detection of conspiracy theories online typically relies on supervised learning. However, creating respective training data requires expertise, time and mental resilience, given the often harmful content. Moreover, available…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Milena Pustet , Elisabeth Steffen , Helena Mihaljević

Recent work has shown that a multilingual neural machine translation (NMT) model can be used to judge how well a sentence paraphrases another sentence in the same language (Thompson and Post, 2020); however, attempting to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Brian Thompson , Matt Post

Text plagiarism detection task is a common natural language processing task that aims to detect whether a given text contains plagiarism or copying from other texts. In existing research, detection of high level plagiarism is still a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Jiarong Xian , Jibao Yuan , Peiwei Zheng , Dexian Chen , Nie yuntao

In order to simplify a sentence, human editors perform multiple rewriting transformations: they split it into several shorter sentences, paraphrase words (i.e. replacing complex words or phrases by simpler synonyms), reorder components,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Fernando Alva-Manchego , Louis Martin , Antoine Bordes , Carolina Scarton , Benoît Sagot , Lucia Specia

We report the development of GPT-4, a large-scale, multimodal model which can accept image and text inputs and produce text outputs. While less capable than humans in many real-world scenarios, GPT-4 exhibits human-level performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 OpenAI , Josh Achiam , Steven Adler , Sandhini Agarwal , Lama Ahmad , Ilge Akkaya , Florencia Leoni Aleman , Diogo Almeida , Janko Altenschmidt , Sam Altman , Shyamal Anadkat , Red Avila , Igor Babuschkin , Suchir Balaji , Valerie Balcom , Paul Baltescu , Haiming Bao , Mohammad Bavarian , Jeff Belgum , Irwan Bello , Jake Berdine , Gabriel Bernadett-Shapiro , Christopher Berner , Lenny Bogdonoff , Oleg Boiko , Madelaine Boyd , Anna-Luisa Brakman , Greg Brockman , Tim Brooks , Miles Brundage , Kevin Button , Trevor Cai , Rosie Campbell , Andrew Cann , Brittany Carey , Chelsea Carlson , Rory Carmichael , Brooke Chan , Che Chang , Fotis Chantzis , Derek Chen , Sully Chen , Ruby Chen , Jason Chen , Mark Chen , Ben Chess , Chester Cho , Casey Chu , Hyung Won Chung , Dave Cummings , Jeremiah Currier , Yunxing Dai , Cory Decareaux , Thomas Degry , Noah Deutsch , Damien Deville , Arka Dhar , David Dohan , Steve Dowling , Sheila Dunning , Adrien Ecoffet , Atty Eleti , Tyna Eloundou , David Farhi , Liam Fedus , Niko Felix , Simón Posada Fishman , Juston Forte , Isabella Fulford , Leo Gao , Elie Georges , Christian Gibson , Vik Goel , Tarun Gogineni , Gabriel Goh , Rapha Gontijo-Lopes , Jonathan Gordon , Morgan Grafstein , Scott Gray , Ryan Greene , Joshua Gross , Shixiang Shane Gu , Yufei Guo , Chris Hallacy , Jesse Han , Jeff Harris , Yuchen He , Mike Heaton , Johannes Heidecke , Chris Hesse , Alan Hickey , Wade Hickey , Peter Hoeschele , Brandon Houghton , Kenny Hsu , Shengli Hu , Xin Hu , Joost Huizinga , Shantanu Jain , Shawn Jain , Joanne Jang , Angela Jiang , Roger Jiang , Haozhun Jin , Denny Jin , Shino Jomoto , Billie Jonn , Heewoo Jun , Tomer Kaftan , Łukasz Kaiser , Ali Kamali , Ingmar Kanitscheider , Nitish Shirish Keskar , Tabarak Khan , Logan Kilpatrick , Jong Wook Kim , Christina Kim , Yongjik Kim , Jan Hendrik Kirchner , Jamie Kiros , Matt Knight , Daniel Kokotajlo , Łukasz Kondraciuk , Andrew Kondrich , Aris Konstantinidis , Kyle Kosic , Gretchen Krueger , Vishal Kuo , Michael Lampe , Ikai Lan , Teddy Lee , Jan Leike , Jade Leung , Daniel Levy , Chak Ming Li , Rachel Lim , Molly Lin , Stephanie Lin , Mateusz Litwin , Theresa Lopez , Ryan Lowe , Patricia Lue , Anna Makanju , Kim Malfacini , Sam Manning , Todor Markov , Yaniv Markovski , Bianca Martin , Katie Mayer , Andrew Mayne , Bob McGrew , Scott Mayer McKinney , Christine McLeavey , Paul McMillan , Jake McNeil , David Medina , Aalok Mehta , Jacob Menick , Luke Metz , Andrey Mishchenko , Pamela Mishkin , Vinnie Monaco , Evan Morikawa , Daniel Mossing , Tong Mu , Mira Murati , Oleg Murk , David Mély , Ashvin Nair , Reiichiro Nakano , Rajeev Nayak , Arvind Neelakantan , Richard Ngo , Hyeonwoo Noh , Long Ouyang , Cullen O'Keefe , Jakub Pachocki , Alex Paino , Joe Palermo , Ashley Pantuliano , Giambattista Parascandolo , Joel Parish , Emy Parparita , Alex Passos , Mikhail Pavlov , Andrew Peng , Adam Perelman , Filipe de Avila Belbute Peres , Michael Petrov , Henrique Ponde de Oliveira Pinto , Michael , Pokorny , Michelle Pokrass , Vitchyr H. Pong , Tolly Powell , Alethea Power , Boris Power , Elizabeth Proehl , Raul Puri , Alec Radford , Jack Rae , Aditya Ramesh , Cameron Raymond , Francis Real , Kendra Rimbach , Carl Ross , Bob Rotsted , Henri Roussez , Nick Ryder , Mario Saltarelli , Ted Sanders , Shibani Santurkar , Girish Sastry , Heather Schmidt , David Schnurr , John Schulman , Daniel Selsam , Kyla Sheppard , Toki Sherbakov , Jessica Shieh , Sarah Shoker , Pranav Shyam , Szymon Sidor , Eric Sigler , Maddie Simens , Jordan Sitkin , Katarina Slama , Ian Sohl , Benjamin Sokolowsky , Yang Song , Natalie Staudacher , Felipe Petroski Such , Natalie Summers , Ilya Sutskever , Jie Tang , Nikolas Tezak , Madeleine B. Thompson , Phil Tillet , Amin Tootoonchian , Elizabeth Tseng , Preston Tuggle , Nick Turley , Jerry Tworek , Juan Felipe Cerón Uribe , Andrea Vallone , Arun Vijayvergiya , Chelsea Voss , Carroll Wainwright , Justin Jay Wang , Alvin Wang , Ben Wang , Jonathan Ward , Jason Wei , CJ Weinmann , Akila Welihinda , Peter Welinder , Jiayi Weng , Lilian Weng , Matt Wiethoff , Dave Willner , Clemens Winter , Samuel Wolrich , Hannah Wong , Lauren Workman , Sherwin Wu , Jeff Wu , Michael Wu , Kai Xiao , Tao Xu , Sarah Yoo , Kevin Yu , Qiming Yuan , Wojciech Zaremba , Rowan Zellers , Chong Zhang , Marvin Zhang , Shengjia Zhao , Tianhao Zheng , Juntang Zhuang , William Zhuk , Barret Zoph

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has become increasingly utilized to provide adaptivity in educational applications. However, recent research has highlighted a variety of biases in pre-trained language models. While existing studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Thiemo Wambsganss , Vinitra Swamy , Roman Rietsche , Tanja Käser

This paper examines the current state-of-the-art of German text simplification, focusing on parallel and monolingual German corpora. It reviews neural language models for simplifying German texts and assesses their suitability for legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Thorben Schomacker , Michael Gille , Jörg von der Hülls , Marina Tropmann-Frick

The rise of language models such as BERT allows for high-quality text paraphrasing. This is a problem to academic integrity, as it is difficult to differentiate between original and machine-generated content. We propose a benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jan Philip Wahle , Terry Ruas , Norman Meuschke , Bela Gipp

We present OGD4All, a transparent, auditable, and reproducible framework based on Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance citizens' interaction with geospatial Open Government Data (OGD). The system combines semantic data retrieval, agentic…

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) holds great promise as a tool to support personalized learning. Teachers need tools to efficiently and effectively enhance content readability of educational texts so that they are matched to…