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Prompt tuning, in which a base pretrained model is adapted to each task via conditioning on learned prompt vectors, has emerged as a promising approach for efficiently adapting large language models to multiple downstream tasks. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Zhen Wang , Rameswar Panda , Leonid Karlinsky , Rogerio Feris , Huan Sun , Yoon Kim

Recent advancements in attention mechanisms have replaced recurrent neural networks and its variants for machine translation tasks. Transformer using attention mechanism solely achieved state-of-the-art results in sequence modeling. Neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Prakhar Thapak , Prodip Hore

The original softmax-based attention mechanism (regular attention) in the extremely successful Transformer architecture computes attention between $N$ tokens, each embedded in a $D$-dimensional head, with a time complexity of $O(N^2D)$.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Armin Gerami , Ramani Duraiswami

Conventional visuomotor imitation learning usually predicts future robot actions directly in the time domain. Such formulations often have limited physical scene awareness and weak long-horizon memory. In contrast, world-model-based…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Changchuan Yang , Yuhang Dong , Guanzhong Tian , Haizhou Ge , Hongrui Zhu

The maximum element of the vector output by the Softmax function approaches zero as the input vector size increases. Transformer-based language models rely on Softmax to compute attention scores, causing the attention distribution to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Ken M. Nakanishi

Large language models (LLMs) excel in generating coherent text, but they often struggle with context awareness, leading to inaccuracies in tasks requiring faithful adherence to provided information. We introduce FastMem, a novel method…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Junyi Zhu , Shuochen Liu , Yu Yu , Bo Tang , Yibo Yan , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Tong Xu , Matthew B. Blaschko

LLMs are typically trained in high-resource languages, and tasks in lower-resourced languages tend to underperform the higher-resource language counterparts for in-context learning. Despite the large body of work on prompting settings, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Christopher Toukmaji , Jeffrey Flanigan

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) is widely used for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) for various tasks. Recently, there has been an increasing demand for fine-tuning a single LLM for multiple tasks because it requires overall…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Anjir Ahmed Chowdhury , Syed Zawad , Xiaolong Ma , Xu Dong , Feng Yan

Transformers are state-of-the-art models for a variety of sequence modeling tasks. At their core is an attention function which models pairwise interactions between the inputs at every timestep. While attention is powerful, it does not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Hao Peng , Nikolaos Pappas , Dani Yogatama , Roy Schwartz , Noah A. Smith , Lingpeng Kong

Decision transformers recast reinforcement learning as a conditional sequence generation problem, offering a simple but effective alternative to traditional value or policy-based methods. A recent key development in this area is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Zhe Wang , Haozhu Wang , Yanjun Qi

In-context learning, i.e., learning from context examples, is an impressive ability of Transformer. Training Transformers to possess this in-context learning skill is computationally intensive due to the occurrence of learning plateaus,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Jingwen Fu , Tao Yang , Yuwang Wang , Yan Lu , Nanning Zheng

Driven by the progress of large-scale pre-training, parameter-efficient transfer learning has gained immense popularity across different subfields of Artificial Intelligence. The core is to adapt the model to downstream tasks with only a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Haixin Wang , Xinlong Yang , Jianlong Chang , Dian Jin , Jinan Sun , Shikun Zhang , Xiao Luo , Qi Tian

In-context learning is a remarkable property of transformers and has been the focus of recent research. An attention mechanism is a key component in transformers, in which an attention matrix encodes relationships between words in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Katsuyuki Hagiwara

This paper introduces a new neural-network-based approach, namely In-Context Operator Networks (ICON), to simultaneously learn operators from the prompted data and apply it to new questions during the inference stage, without any weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Liu Yang , Siting Liu , Tingwei Meng , Stanley J. Osher

In-context learning (ICL) is a cornerstone of large language model (LLM) functionality, yet its theoretical foundations remain elusive due to the complexity of transformer architectures. In particular, most existing work only theoretically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Siyu Chen , Heejune Sheen , Tianhao Wang , Zhuoran Yang

Large language models (LLMs) benefit greatly from prompt engineering, with in-context learning standing as a pivital technique. While former approaches have provided various ways to construct the demonstrations used for in-context learning,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yiming Tang , Bin Dong

Transformer-based models have brought a radical change to neural machine translation. A key feature of the Transformer architecture is the so-called multi-head attention mechanism, which allows the model to focus simultaneously on different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Alessandro Raganato , Yves Scherrer , Jörg Tiedemann

Sequence models lie at the heart of modern deep learning. However, rapid advancements have produced a diversity of seemingly unrelated architectures, such as Transformers and recurrent alternatives. In this paper, we introduce a unifying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Ke Alexander Wang , Jiaxin Shi , Emily B. Fox

Despite the widespread adoption of Transformer models for NLP tasks, the expressive power of these models is not well-understood. In this paper, we establish that Transformer models are universal approximators of continuous permutation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Chulhee Yun , Srinadh Bhojanapalli , Ankit Singh Rawat , Sashank J. Reddi , Sanjiv Kumar

Effectively adapting powerful pretrained foundation models to diverse tasks remains a key challenge in AI deployment. Current approaches primarily follow two paradigms:discrete optimization of text prompts through prompt engineering, or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Xiaoming Hou , Jiquan Zhang , Zibin Lin , DaCheng Tao , Shengli Zhang