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Multi-agent debate (MAD) is widely used to improve large language model (LLM) performance through test-time scaling, yet recent work shows that vanilla MAD often underperforms simple majority vote despite higher computational cost. Studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Xiaochen Zhu , Caiqi Zhang , Yizhou Chi , Tom Stafford , Nigel Collier , Andreas Vlachos

Multi-agent debate (MAD) is an emerging approach to improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Existing MAD methods rely on multiple rounds of interaction among agents to reach consensus, and the final output is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yu Cui , Hang Fu , Haibin Zhang , Licheng Wang , Cong Zuo

Multi-agent debate (MAD) has recently emerged as a promising framework for improving the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs). Yet, whether LLM agents can genuinely engage in deliberative reasoning, beyond simple ensembling…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Haolun Wu , Zhenkun Li , Lingyao Li

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) underscore their potential for responding to inquiries in various domains. However, ensuring that generative agents provide accurate and reliable answers remains an ongoing challenge. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Andries Smit , Paul Duckworth , Nathan Grinsztajn , Thomas D. Barrett , Arnu Pretorius

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced autonomous agents' planning and decision-making, yet they struggle with complex tasks requiring diverse expertise and multi-step reasoning. Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) systems, introduced in NLP…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Jina Chun , Qihong Chen , Jiawei Li , Iftekhar Ahmed

Much of the success of multi-agent debates depends on carefully choosing the right parameters. The decision-making protocol stands out as it can highly impact final model answers, depending on how decisions are reached. Systematic…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Lars Benedikt Kaesberg , Jonas Becker , Jan Philip Wahle , Terry Ruas , Bela Gipp

The remarkable growth in large language model (LLM) capabilities has spurred exploration into multi-agent systems, with debate frameworks emerging as a promising avenue for enhanced problem-solving. These multi-agent debate (MAD)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Yongjin Yang , Euiin Yi , Jongwoo Ko , Kimin Lee , Zhijing Jin , Se-Young Yun

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. Recent research has introduced Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) systems, which leverage multiple LLMs to simulate human debate and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Zijie Lin , Bryan Hooi

Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) has emerged as a promising inference scaling method for Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning. However, it frequently suffers from belief entrenchment, where agents reinforce shared errors rather than correcting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Jihwan Oh , Minchan Jeong , Jongwoo Ko , Se-Young Yun

Large Language Model (LLM) agent systems have advanced rapidly, driven by their strong generalization in zero-shot settings. To further enhance reasoning and accuracy on complex tasks, Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) has emerged as a promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Wei Fan , JinYi Yoon , Bo Ji

Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS), which excel at collaborative decision-making and complex problem-solving. Recently, researchers have further investigated Multi-Agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Zhenghao Li , Zhi Zheng , Wei Chen , Jielun Zhao , Yong Chen , Tong Xu , Enhong Chen

Self-improvement, where models improve beyond their current performance without external supervision, remains a challenge. The core difficulty is sourcing a training signal stronger than what the model itself can currently produce. Majority…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Ankur Samanta , Akshayaa Magesh , Runzhe Wu , Ayush Jain , Youliang Yu , Daniel Jiang , Boris Vidolov , Paul Sajda , Yonathan Efroni , Kaveh Hassani

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results in natural language understanding, yet their reasoning capabilities remain limited when operating as single agents. Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) has been proposed to address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Xiao Wang , Jia Wang , Yijie Wang , Pengtao Dang , Sha Cao , Chi Zhang

Modern large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT have shown remarkable performance on general language tasks but still struggle on complex reasoning tasks, which drives the research on cognitive behaviors of LLMs to explore human-like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Tian Liang , Zhiwei He , Wenxiang Jiao , Xing Wang , Yan Wang , Rui Wang , Yujiu Yang , Shuming Shi , Zhaopeng Tu

Multi-agent debate (MAD) aims to improve large language model (LLM) reasoning by letting multiple agents exchange answers and then aggregate their opinions. Yet recent studies reveal that agents are not neutral: they are prone to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Hyeong Kyu Choi , Xiaojin Zhu , Sharon Li

Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) has shown promise in leveraging collective intelligence to improve reasoning and reduce hallucinations, yet it remains unclear how information exchange shapes the underlying ability. Empirically, MAD exhibits…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Dan Qiao , Binbin Chen , Fengyu Cai , Jianlong Chen , Wenhao Li , Fuxin Jiang , Zuzhi Chen , Hongyuan Zha , Tieying Zhang , Baoxiang Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated impressive capabilities in reasoning tasks. Currently, mainstream LLM reasoning frameworks predominantly focus on scaling up inference-time sampling to enhance performance. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Hongduan Tian , Xiao Feng , Ziyuan Zhao , Xiangyu Zhu , Rolan Yan , Bo Han

Context: Large Language Model (LLM) agents are becoming widely used for various Requirements Engineering (RE) tasks. Research on improving their accuracy mainly focuses on prompt engineering, model fine-tuning, and retrieval augmented…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Marc Oriol , Quim Motger , Jordi Marco , Xavier Franch

Multi-agent debate (MAD) systems improve LLM reasoning through iterative deliberation, but remain vulnerable to debate collapse, a failure type where final agent decisions are compromised on erroneous reasoning. Existing methods lack…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Luoxi Tang , Yuqiao Meng , Joseph Costa , Yingxue Zhang , Muchao Ye , Zhaohan Xi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities in mathematical and scientific tasks. To enhance complex reasoning, multi-agent systems have been proposed to harness the collective intelligence of LLM agents.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zhenyu Bi , Meng Lu , Yang Li , Swastik Roy , Weijie Guan , Morteza Ziyadi , Xuan Wang
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