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Modern machine learning models have started to consume incredible amounts of energy, thus incurring large carbon footprints (Strubell et al., 2019). To address this issue, we have created an energy estimation pipeline1, which allows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Johannes Getzner , Bertrand Charpentier , Stephan Günnemann

Machine learning and deep learning models have become essential in the recent fast development of artificial intelligence in many sectors of the society. It is now widely acknowledge that the development of these models has an environmental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Lucia Bouza Heguerte , Aurélie Bugeau , Loïc Lannelongue

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is being increasingly used to learn and adapt application behavior in many domains, including large-scale and safety critical systems, as for example, autonomous driving. With the advent of plug-n-play RL…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Nicolás Cardozo , Ivana Dusparic , Christian Cabrera

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised concerns about their enormous carbon footprint, starting with energy-intensive training and continuing through repeated inference. This study investigates the potential of using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Anandita Garg , Uma Gaba , Deepan Muthirayan , Anish Roy Chowdhury

As machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies become more widespread, concerns about their environmental impact are increasing due to the resource-intensive nature of training and inference processes. Green AI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Vincenzo De Martino , Silverio Martínez-Fernández , Fabio Palomba

The automotive industry is under growing pressure to reduce its environmental impact, requiring accurate predictive modeling to support sustainable engineering design. This study examines the factors that determine vehicle fuel consumption…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Ali Akram

As artificial intelligence (AI) models quickly spread and become more advanced, they are requiring an ever-increasing amount of data and compute capability, leading to a significant energy cost. Training and inference of AI models including…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Anirudh Shankar , Avhishek Chatterjee , Anjan Chakravorty

The growing computational demands of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) have raised concerns about the environmental and economic costs of training large-scale models. While algorithmic efficiency in terms of learning performance has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Jason Gardner , Ayan Dutta , Swapnoneel Roy , O. Patrick Kreidl , Ladislau Boloni

Large language models (LLMs) have exploded in popularity due to their new generative capabilities that go far beyond prior state-of-the-art. These technologies are increasingly being leveraged in various domains such as law, finance, and…

Power management is an expensive and important issue for large computational infrastructures such as datacenters, large clusters, and computational grids. However, measuring energy consumption of scalable systems may be impractical due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-20 Lucas Venezian Povoa , Cesar Marcondes , Hermes Senger

The progress of some AI paradigms such as deep learning is said to be linked to an exponential growth in the number of parameters. There are many studies corroborating these trends, but does this translate into an exponential increase in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Radosvet Desislavov , Fernando Martínez-Plumed , José Hernández-Orallo

Concerns about the environmental footprint of machine learning are increasing. While studies of energy use and emissions of ML models are a growing subfield, most ML researchers and developers still do not incorporate energy measurement as…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-25 Akshaya Jagannadharao , Nicole Beckage , Sovan Biswas , Hilary Egan , Jamil Gafur , Thijs Metsch , Dawn Nafus , Giuseppe Raffa , Charles Tripp

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed numerous domains by providing advanced capabilities in natural language understanding, generation, and reasoning. Despite their groundbreaking applications across industries such as research,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Aditi Singh , Nirmal Prakashbhai Patel , Abul Ehtesham , Saket Kumar , Tala Talaei Khoei

The capabilities of supervised machine learning (SML), especially compared to human abilities, are being discussed in scientific research and in the usage of SML. This study provides an answer to how learning performance differs between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Niklas Kühl , Marc Goutier , Lucas Baier , Clemens Wolff , Dominik Martin

Scaling large language models (LLMs) has driven significant advancements, yet it faces diminishing returns and escalating energy demands. This work explores how test-time compute (TTC) can serve as an energy-efficient complement to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yunho Jin , Gu-Yeon Wei , David Brooks

Energy consumption in buildings, both residential and commercial, accounts for approximately 40% of all energy usage in the U.S., and similar numbers are being reported from countries around the world. This significant amount of energy is…

Although machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) present fascinating opportunities for innovation, their rapid development is also significantly impacting our environment. In response to growing resource-awareness in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Raphael Fischer

Protein language models (PLMs) have advanced computational protein science through large-scale pretraining and scalable architectures. In parallel, reinforcement learning (RL) has broadened exploration and enabled precise multi-objective…

LLMs promise to democratize technical work in complex domains like programmatic data analysis, but not everyone benefits equally. We study how students with varied experiences use LLMs to complete Python-based data analysis in computational…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Qianou Ma , Kenneth Koedinger , Tongshuang Wu

The popularity of Machine Learning (ML) has been increasing in the last decades in almost every area, being the commercial and scientific fields the most notorious ones. Concerning particle physics, ML has been proved as a useful resource…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2021-12-17 Xabier Cid Vidal , Lorena Dieste Maroñas , Álvaro Dósil Suárez