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We develop a method for generating causal post-hoc explanations of black-box classifiers based on a learned low-dimensional representation of the data. The explanation is causal in the sense that changing learned latent factors produces a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Matthew O'Shaughnessy , Gregory Canal , Marissa Connor , Mark Davenport , Christopher Rozell

Counterfactual explanations provide an intuitive way to understand model decisions by identifying minimal changes required to alter an outcome. However, applying counterfactual methods to time series models remains challenging due to…

Evaluating hypothetical statements about how the world would be had a different course of action been taken is arguably one key capability expected from modern AI systems. Counterfactual reasoning underpins discussions in fairness, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Kevin Xia , Yushu Pan , Elias Bareinboim

Post-hoc interpretability approaches have been proven to be powerful tools to generate explanations for the predictions made by a trained black-box model. However, they create the risk of having explanations that are a result of some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Thibault Laugel , Marie-Jeanne Lesot , Christophe Marsala , Xavier Renard , Marcin Detyniecki

Counterfactual explanations have substantially increased in popularity in the past few years as a useful human-centric way of understanding individual black-box model predictions. While several properties desired of high-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Shubham Sharma , Alan H. Gee , Jette Henderson , Joydeep Ghosh

Recommender system practitioners are facing increasing pressure to explain recommendations. We explore how to explain recommendations using counterfactual logic, i.e. "Had you not interacted with the following items, we would not recommend…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Yuanshun Yao , Chong Wang , Hang Li

A major requirement for credit scoring models is to provide a maximally accurate risk prediction. Additionally, regulators demand these models to be transparent and auditable. Thus, in credit scoring, very simple predictive models such as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-30 Michael Bücker , Gero Szepannek , Alicja Gosiewska , Przemyslaw Biecek

Although many machine learning methods, especially from the field of deep learning, have been instrumental in addressing challenges within robotic applications, we cannot take full advantage of such methods before these can provide…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Vilde B. Gjærum , Inga Strümke , Anastasios M. Lekkas , Tim Miller

With machine learning models being increasingly applied to various decision-making scenarios, people have spent growing efforts to make machine learning models more transparent and explainable. Among various explanation techniques,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-20 Furui Cheng , Yao Ming , Huamin Qu

Product retrieval systems have served as the main entry for customers to discover and purchase products online. With increasing concerns on the transparency and accountability of AI systems, studies on explainable information retrieval has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Qingyao Ai , Lakshmi Narayanan Ramasamy

While explainability is a desirable characteristic of increasingly complex black-box models, modern explanation methods have been shown to be inconsistent and contradictory. The semantics of explanations is not always fully understood - to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Omer Reingold , Judy Hanwen Shen , Aditi Talati

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) are advocated as being ideally suited to providing algorithmic recourse for subjects affected by the predictions of machine learning models. While CEs can be beneficial to affected individuals, recent work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Junqi Jiang , Francesco Leofante , Antonio Rago , Francesca Toni

In the environment of fair lending laws and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the ability to explain a model's prediction is of paramount importance. High quality explanations are the first step in assessing fairness.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Rachana Balasubramanian , Samuel Sharpe , Brian Barr , Jason Wittenbach , C. Bayan Bruss

This paper contributes with a pragmatic evaluation framework for explainable Machine Learning (ML) models for clinical decision support. The study revealed a more nuanced role for ML explanation models, when these are pragmatically embedded…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Oskar Wysocki , Jessica Katharine Davies , Markel Vigo , Anne Caroline Armstrong , Dónal Landers , Rebecca Lee , André Freitas

Counterfactual explanations aim to enhance model transparency by showing how inputs can be minimally altered to change predictions. For multivariate time series, existing methods often generate counterfactuals that are invalid, implausible,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Sarah Seifi , Anass Ibrahimi , Tobias Sukianto , Cecilia Carbonelli , Lorenzo Servadei , Robert Wille

The use of machine learning systems to support decision making in healthcare raises questions as to what extent these systems may introduce or exacerbate disparities in care for historically underrepresented and mistreated groups, due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Stephen Pfohl , Tony Duan , Daisy Yi Ding , Nigam H. Shah

In decision-making processes, stakeholders often rely on counterfactual explanations, which provide suggestions about what should be changed in the queried instance to alter the outcome of an AI system. However, generating these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Hongnan Ma , Yiwei Shi , Guanxiong Sun , Mengyue Yang , Weiru Liu

Natural language counterfactual generation aims to minimally modify a given text such that the modified text will be classified into a different class. The generated counterfactuals provide insight into the reasoning behind a model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yongjie Wang , Xiaoqi Qiu , Yu Yue , Xu Guo , Zhiwei Zeng , Yuhong Feng , Zhiqi Shen

The recent adoption of machine learning as a tool in real world decision making has spurred interest in understanding how these decisions are being made. Counterfactual Explanations are a popular interpretable machine learning technique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Andrew O'Brien , Edward Kim

Automated fact checking systems have been proposed that quickly provide veracity prediction at scale to mitigate the negative influence of fake news on people and on public opinion. However, most studies focus on veracity classifiers of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Shih-Chieh Dai , Yi-Li Hsu , Aiping Xiong , Lun-Wei Ku