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With the ever-increasing use of complex machine learning models in critical applications within the finance domain, explaining the decisions of the model has become a necessity. With applications spanning from credit scoring to credit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-14 Aditya Lahiri , Narayanan Unny Edakunni

Counterfactual learning has become promising for understanding and modeling causality in complex and dynamic systems. This paper presents a novel method for counterfactual learning in the context of multivariate time series analysis and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Gianlucca Zuin , Adriano Veloso

The increasing application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning models poses potential risks of unfair behavior and, in light of recent regulations, has attracted the attention of the research community. Several researchers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Giandomenico Cornacchia , Vito Walter Anelli , Fedelucio Narducci , Azzurra Ragone , Eugenio Di Sciascio

Recently, a method [7] was proposed to generate contrastive explanations for differentiable models such as deep neural networks, where one has complete access to the model. In this work, we propose a method, Model Agnostic Contrastive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Amit Dhurandhar , Tejaswini Pedapati , Avinash Balakrishnan , Pin-Yu Chen , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Ruchir Puri

This paper targets the problem of procedural multimodal machine comprehension (M3C). This task requires an AI to comprehend given steps of multimodal instructions and then answer questions. Compared to vanilla machine comprehension tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Pritish Sahu , Karan Sikka , Ajay Divakaran

Due to the increasing use of Machine Learning models in high stakes decision making settings, it has become increasingly important to have tools to understand how models arrive at decisions. Assuming a trained Supervised Classification…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-20 Emilio Carrizosa , Jasone Ramírez-Ayerbe , Dolores Romero Morales

Estimating an individual's counterfactual outcomes under interventions is a challenging task for traditional causal inference and supervised learning approaches when the outcome is high-dimensional (e.g. gene expressions, facial images) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Yulun Wu , Louie McConnell , Claudia Iriondo

Being able to provide counterfactual interventions - sequences of actions we would have had to take for a desirable outcome to happen - is essential to explain how to change an unfavourable decision by a black-box machine learning model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Giovanni De Toni , Bruno Lepri , Andrea Passerini

Machine learning algorithms in socially sensitive domains (e.g., credit decisions) often focus on equalizing predictive outcomes. However, satisfying these metrics does not guarantee that models use the same reasoning for different groups.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Gideon Popoola , John Sheppard

The need for transparency of predictive systems based on Machine Learning algorithms arises as a consequence of their ever-increasing proliferation in the industry. Whenever black-box algorithmic predictions influence human affairs, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Kacper Sokol , Peter Flach

Molecular property prediction is a crucial task that guides the design of new compounds, including drugs and materials. While explainable artificial intelligence methods aim to scrutinize model predictions by identifying influential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Łukasz Janisiów , Marek Kochańczyk , Bartosz Zieliński , Tomasz Danel

The widespread deployment of machine learning systems in critical real-world decision-making applications has highlighted the urgent need for counterfactual explainability methods that operate effectively. Global counterfactual…

As machine learning models are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains such as legal and financial decision-making, there has been growing interest in post-hoc methods for generating counterfactual explanations. Such explanations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Alexis Ross , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Osbert Bastani

As machine learning is increasingly used to inform consequential decision-making (e.g., pre-trial bail and loan approval), it becomes important to explain how the system arrived at its decision, and also suggest actions to achieve a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Amir-Hossein Karimi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Isabel Valera

By providing explanations for users and system designers to facilitate better understanding and decision making, explainable recommendation has been an important research problem. In this paper, we propose Counterfactual Explainable…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Juntao Tan , Shuyuan Xu , Yingqiang Ge , Yunqi Li , Xu Chen , Yongfeng Zhang

Recent work on counterfactual visual explanations has contributed to making artificial intelligence models more explainable by providing visual perturbation to flip the prediction. However, these approaches neglect the causal relationships…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yiran Qiao , Disheng Liu , Yiren Lu , Yu Yin , Mengnan Du , Jing Ma

Recent advancements in machine learning have emphasized the need for transparency in model predictions, particularly as interpretability diminishes when using increasingly complex architectures. In this paper, we propose leveraging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Chenrui Zhu , Louenas Bounia , Vu Linh Nguyen , Sébastien Destercke , Arthur Hoarau

Machine learning (ML) methods have experienced significant growth in the past decade, yet their practical application in high-impact real-world domains has been hindered by their opacity. When ML methods are responsible for making critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Xiangyu Sun , Raquel Aoki , Kevin H. Wilson

Model explainability has become an important problem in machine learning (ML) due to the increased effect that algorithmic predictions have on humans. Explanations can help users understand not only why ML models make certain predictions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Ana Lucic

Recent work by Chatzi et al. and Ravfogel et al. has developed, for the first time, a method for generating counterfactuals of probabilistic Large Language Models. Such counterfactuals tell us what would - or might - have been the output of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sander Beckers