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The rise of online platforms exacerbated the spread of hate speech, demanding scalable and effective detection. However, the accuracy of hate speech detection systems heavily relies on human-labeled data, which is inherently susceptible to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Tommaso Giorgi , Lorenzo Cima , Tiziano Fagni , Marco Avvenuti , Stefano Cresci

Hate speech spreads widely online, harming individuals and communities, making automatic detection essential for large-scale moderation, yet detecting it remains difficult. Part of the challenge lies in subjectivity: what one person flags…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Paloma Piot , David Otero , Patricia Martín-Rodilla , Javier Parapar

Data annotation, the practice of assigning descriptive labels to raw data, is pivotal in optimizing the performance of machine learning models. However, it is a resource-intensive process susceptible to biases introduced by annotators. The…

In this paper, we investigate how personalising Large Language Models (Persona-LLMs) with annotator personas affects their sensitivity to hate speech, particularly regarding biases linked to shared or differing identities between annotators…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Ewelina Gajewska , Arda Derbent , Jaroslaw A Chudziak , Katarzyna Budzynska

Hate speech detection is a socially sensitive and inherently subjective task, with judgments often varying based on personal traits. While prior work has examined how socio-demographic factors influence annotation, the impact of personality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Shuzhou Yuan , Ercong Nie , Mario Tawfelis , Helmut Schmid , Hinrich Schütze , Michael Färber

For subjective tasks such as hate detection, where people perceive hate differently, the Large Language Model's (LLM) ability to represent diverse groups is unclear. By including additional context in prompts, we comprehensively analyze…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Sarah Masud , Sahajpreet Singh , Viktor Hangya , Alexander Fraser , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful support tools across various natural language tasks and a range of application domains. Recent studies focus on exploring their capabilities for data annotation. This paper provides a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Maja Pavlovic , Massimo Poesio

We present a novel approach for enhancing diversity and control in data annotation tasks by personalizing large language models (LLMs). We investigate the impact of injecting diverse persona descriptions into LLM prompts across two studies,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Leon Fröhling , Gianluca Demartini , Dennis Assenmacher

Span annotation - annotating specific text features at the span level - can be used to evaluate texts where single-score metrics fail to provide actionable feedback. Until recently, span annotation was done by human annotators or fine-tuned…

People naturally vary in their annotations for subjective questions and some of this variation is thought to be due to the person's sociodemographic characteristics. LLMs have also been used to label data, but recent work has shown that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Matthias Orlikowski , Jiaxin Pei , Paul Röttger , Philipp Cimiano , David Jurgens , Dirk Hovy

Researchers have proposed the use of generative large language models (LLMs) to label data for research and applied settings. This literature emphasizes the improved performance of these models relative to other natural language models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Megan A. Brown , Shubham Atreja , Libby Hemphill , Patrick Y. Wu

Large language models are increasingly used to annotate texts, but their outputs reflect some human perspectives better than others. Existing methods for correcting LLM annotation error assume a single ground truth. However, this assumption…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Navya Mehrotra , Adam Visokay , Kristina Gligorić

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated annotators to scale dataset creation, yet their reliability as unbiased annotators--especially for low-resource and identity-sensitive settings--remains poorly understood. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Md. Najib Hasan , Touseef Hasan , Souvika Sarkar

Hate speech annotation is costly, subjective, and prone to annotator disagreement, making large-scale dataset construction challenging. We systematically analyze how well large language models (LLMs) align with human judgments across ten…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Mohammad Amine Jradi , Faeze Ghorbanpour , Alexander Fraser

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in decision-making tasks where they can amplify or suppress perspectives, raising concerns in high-stakes settings affecting autistic communities. While previous research has identified…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Naba Rizvi , Harper Strickland , Saleha Ahmedi , Nedjma Ousidhoum

Textual data annotation, the process of labeling or tagging text with relevant information, is typically costly, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their potential as direct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yu-Min Tseng , Wei-Lin Chen , Chung-Chi Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in human-centered social scientific tasks, such as data annotation, synthetic data creation, and engaging in dialog. However, these tasks are highly subjective and dependent on human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Salvatore Giorgi , Tingting Liu , Ankit Aich , Kelsey Isman , Garrick Sherman , Zachary Fried , João Sedoc , Lyle H. Ungar , Brenda Curtis

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in decision-making tasks like r\'esum\'e screening and content moderation, giving them the power to amplify or suppress certain perspectives. While previous research has identified…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Naba Rizvi , Harper Strickland , Saleha Ahmedi , Aekta Kallepalli , Isha Khirwadkar , William Wu , Imani N. S. Munyaka , Nedjma Ousidhoum

This study introduces a prescriptive annotation benchmark grounded in humanities research to ensure consistent, unbiased labeling of offensive language, particularly for casual and non-mainstream language uses. We contribute two newly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Xinmeng Hou

Although large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as annotators at scale, they are typically treated as a pragmatic fallback rather than a faithful estimator of human perspectives. This work challenges that presumption. By framing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hasan Amin , Harry Yizhou Tian , Xiaoni Duan , Chien-Ju Ho , Rajiv Khanna , Ming Yin
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