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The breakthrough of generative large language models (LLMs) that can solve different tasks through chat interaction has led to a significant increase in the use of general benchmarks to assess the quality or performance of these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Fabio Barth , Georg Rehm

Existing large language model (LLM) evaluation benchmarks primarily focus on English, while current multilingual tasks lack parallel questions that specifically assess cross-linguistic reasoning abilities. This dual limitation makes it…

Developing large language models is expensive and involves making decisions with small experiments, typically by evaluating on large, multi-task evaluation suites. In this work, we analyze specific properties which make a benchmark more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 David Heineman , Valentin Hofmann , Ian Magnusson , Yuling Gu , Noah A. Smith , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Kyle Lo , Jesse Dodge

This survey examines multilingual vision-language models that process text and images across languages. We review 33 models and 23 benchmarks, spanning encoder-only and generative architectures, and identify a key tension between language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Andrei-Alexandru Manea , Jindřich Libovický

Bilingual and multilingual language models offer a promising path toward scaling NLP systems across diverse languages and users. However, their performance often varies wildly between languages as prior works show that adding more languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Skyler Seto , Maartje ter Hoeve , Maureen de Seyssel , David Grangier

As large language models (LLMs) continue to evolve, the need for robust and standardized evaluation benchmarks becomes paramount. Evaluating the performance of these models is a complex challenge that requires careful consideration of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Marco AF Pimentel , Clément Christophe , Tathagata Raha , Prateek Munjal , Praveen K Kanithi , Shadab Khan

In the training data used by large language models (LLMs), the same latent concept is often presented in multiple distinct ways: the same facts appear in English and Swahili; many functions can be expressed in both Python and Haskell; we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Thomas Vincent Howe , David Wingate

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) are typically trained on vast corpora of image-text data but are often limited in linguistic coverage, leading to biased and unfair outputs across languages. While prior work has explored multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Ananya Raval , Aravind Narayanan , Vahid Reza Khazaie , Shaina Raza

In this work, we provide a systematic and comprehensive empirical comparison of pretrained multilingual language models versus their monolingual counterparts with regard to their monolingual task performance. We study a set of nine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Phillip Rust , Jonas Pfeiffer , Ivan Vulić , Sebastian Ruder , Iryna Gurevych

This paper studies the performance of large language models (LLMs), particularly regarding demographic fairness, in solving real-world healthcare tasks. We evaluate state-of-the-art LLMs with three prevalent learning frameworks across six…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Yue Zhou , Barbara Di Eugenio , Lu Cheng

Prior research diverges on language diversity in LLM fine-tuning: Some studies report benefits while others find no advantages. Through controlled fine-tuning experiments across 132 translation directions, we systematically resolve these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 David Stap , Christof Monz

We introduce a set of resampling-based methods for quantifying uncertainty and statistical precision of evaluation metrics in multilingual and/or multitask NLP benchmarks. We show how experimental variation in performance scores arises from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Jonne Sälevä , Duygu Ataman , Constantine Lignos

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized natural language processing across numerous languages and tasks. However, evaluating LLM performance in a consistent and meaningful way across multiple European languages remains…

Increasing the number of parameters in large language models (LLMs) usually improves performance in downstream tasks but raises compute and memory costs, making deployment difficult in resource-limited settings. Quantization techniques,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Renren Jin , Jiangcun Du , Wuwei Huang , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Deyi Xiong

With the evolution of large language models (LLMs), their robustness against individual simple biases has been enhanced. However, we observe that the ensemble of multiple simple biases still exerts a significant adverse impact on LLMs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhouhao Sun , Zhiyuan Kan , Xiao Ding , Li Du , Bibo Cai , Yang Zhao , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities, but their development has primarily focused on English and other high-resource languages, leaving many languages underserved. We present our latest Hindi-English bi-lingual…

Large Language Models (LLMs), often show strong performance on English tasks, while exhibiting limitations on other languages. What is an LLM's multilingual capability when it is trained only on certain languages? The underlying mechanism…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Fei Yuan , Shuai Yuan , Zhiyong Wu , Lei Li

Multilinguality is crucial for extending recent advancements in language modelling to diverse linguistic communities. To maintain high performance while representing multiple languages, multilingual models ideally align representations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Anton Schäfer , Shauli Ravfogel , Thomas Hofmann , Tiago Pimentel , Imanol Schlag

Building a theoretical understanding of the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) is vital for our ability to predict and explain the behavior of these systems. Here, we investigate the structure of LLM capabilities by extracting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Ryan Burnell , Han Hao , Andrew R. A. Conway , Jose Hernandez Orallo