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Related papers: Evaluation and LLM-Guided Learning of ICD Coding R…

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Clinical coding is the task of assigning a set of alphanumeric codes, referred to as ICD (International Classification of Diseases), to a medical event based on the context captured in a clinical narrative. The latest version of ICD,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Cansu Sen , Bingyang Ye , Javed Aslam , Amir Tahmasebi

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding plays a crucial role in the extraction of relevant information from clinical notes for proper recording and billing. One of the most important directions for boosting the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Junyu Luo , Xiaochen Wang , Jiaqi Wang , Aofei Chang , Yaqing Wang , Fenglong Ma

The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare has been revolutionary, especially with the recent advancements in transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the task of understanding unstructured electronic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Shivani Shekhar , Simran Tiwari , T. C. Rensink , Ramy Eskander , Wael Salloum

In recent years, cross-modal reasoning (CMR), the process of understanding and reasoning across different modalities, has emerged as a pivotal area with applications spanning from multimedia analysis to healthcare diagnostics. As the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Dizhan Xue , Shengsheng Qian , Zuyi Zhou , Changsheng Xu

The field of medical diagnosis has undergone a significant transformation with the advent of large language models (LLMs), yet the challenges of interpretability within these models remain largely unaddressed. This study introduces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Junying Chen , Chi Gui , Anningzhe Gao , Ke Ji , Xidong Wang , Xiang Wan , Benyou Wang

Accurate International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding is critical for clinical documentation, billing, and healthcare analytics, yet it remains a labour-intensive and error-prone task. Although large language models (LLMs) show…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Hong-Jie Dai , Zheng-Hao Li , An-Tai Lu , Bo-Tsz Shain , Ming-Ta Li , Tatheer Hussain Mir , Kuang-Te Wang , Min-I Su , Pei-Kang Liu , Ming-Ju Tsai

ICD-9 coding is a relevant clinical billing task, where unstructured texts with information about a patient's diagnosis and treatments are annotated with multiple ICD-9 codes. Automated ICD-9 coding is an active research field, where CNN-…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Malte Feucht , Zhiliang Wu , Sophia Althammer , Volker Tresp

ICD(International Classification of Diseases) coding involves assigning ICD codes to patients visit based on their medical notes. ICD coding is a challenging multilabel text classification problem due to noisy medical document inputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Bin Zhang , Junli Wang

Despite the wide adoption of Large Language Models (LLM)s, clinical decision support systems face a critical challenge: achieving high predictive accuracy while generating explanations aligned with the predictions. Current approaches suffer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-07 H M Quamran Hasan , Housam Khalifa Bashier , Jiayi Dai , Mi-Young Kim , Randy Goebel

Although the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) has been adopted worldwide, manually assigning ICD codes to clinical text is time-consuming, error-prone, and expensive, motivating the development of automated approaches. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Gonçalo Gomes , Isabel Coutinho , Bruno Martins

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in education, yet their correctness alone does not capture the quality, reliability, or pedagogical validity of their problem-solving behavior, especially in mathematics, where…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Sagnik Dakshit , Sushmita Sinha Roy

Clinical notes are assigned ICD codes - sets of codes for diagnoses and procedures. In the recent years, predictive machine learning models have been built for automatic ICD coding. However, there is a lack of widely accepted benchmarks for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Thanh-Tung Nguyen , Viktor Schlegel , Abhinav Kashyap , Stefan Winkler , Shao-Syuan Huang , Jie-Jyun Liu , Chih-Jen Lin

Clinical decision-making requires reasoning over incomplete, imprecise, and linguistically expressed patient narratives. While large language models (LLMs) excel at extracting latent information from natural language, they lack the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiaoyang Fan , Yufan Cai , Zhe Hou , Jin Song Dong

The task of assigning diagnostic ICD codes to patient hospital admissions is typically performed by expert human coders. Efforts towards automated ICD coding are dominated by supervised deep learning models. However, difficulties in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Joseph S. Boyle , Antanas Kascenas , Pat Lok , Maria Liakata , Alison Q. O'Neil

Large language models (LLMs), when guided by explicit textual plans, can perform reliable step-by-step reasoning during problem-solving. However, generating accurate and effective textual plans remains challenging due to LLM hallucinations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Sijia Chen , Di Niu

In order to submit a claim to insurance companies, a doctor needs to code a patient encounter with both the diagnosis (ICDs) and procedures performed (CPTs) in an Electronic Health Record (EHR). Identifying and applying relevant procedures…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-30 Hasham Ul Haq , Rameel Ahmad , Sibt Ul Hussain

We propose a clinical decision support system (CDSS) for mental health diagnosis that combines the strengths of large language models (LLMs) and constraint logic programming (CLP). Having a CDSS is important because of the high complexity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Brian Hyeongseok Kim , Chao Wang

ICD coding is the international standard for capturing and reporting health conditions and diagnosis for revenue cycle management in healthcare. Manually assigning ICD codes is prone to human error due to the large code vocabulary and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Youngwoo Kim , Cheng Li , Bingyang Ye , Amir Tahmasebi , Javed Aslam

We propose a novel and interpretable embedding method to represent the international statistical classification codes of diseases and related health problems (i.e., ICD codes). This method considers a self-attention mechanism within the…

Applications · Statistics 2019-06-14 Dixin Luo , Hongteng Xu , Lawrence Carin

Clinical reasoning agents based on large language models (LLMs) aim to automate tasks such as intensive care unit (ICU) monitoring and patient state tracking from electronic health records (EHRs). Existing systems typically rely on manually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Timothy Ossowski , Xinchi Liu , Danyal Maqbool , Vaibhav Dhanuka , Sheng Zhang , Hoifung Poon , Majid Afshar , Tyler Bradshaw , Junjie Hu