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Until quantum repeaters become mature, quantum networks remain restricted either to limited areas of directly connected nodes or to nodes connected to a common node. We circumvent this limitation by conceiving quantum networks using secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-21 Gui-Lu Long , Dong Pan , Yu-Bo Sheng , Qikun Xue , Jianhua Lu , Lajos Hanzo

A Quantum Internet, i.e., a global interconnection of quantum devices, is the long term goal of quantum communications, and has so far been based on two-dimensional systems (qubits). Recent years have seen a significant development of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-11 Davide Bacco , Jacob F. F. Bulmer , Manuel Erhard , Marcus Huber , Stefano Paesani

Long-distance quantum communication via entanglement distribution is of great importance for the quantum internet. However, scaling up to such long distances has proved challenging due to the loss of photons, which grows exponentially with…

Quantum communication enables the implementation of tasks that are unachievable with classical resources. However, losses on the communication channel preclude the direct long-distance transmission of quantum information in many relevant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-02 Boxi Li , Tim Coopmans , David Elkouss

Quantum repeaters are necessary to fully realize the capabilities of the emerging quantum internet, especially applications involving distributing entanglement across long distances. A more general notion of this can be called a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 Ian Tillman , Thirupathaiah Vasantam , Don Towsley , Kaushik P. Seshadreesan

The realization of a global quantum network holds the potential to enable groundbreaking applications such as secure quantum communication and blind quantum computing. However, building such a network remains a formidable challenge,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Jia-Wei Ji , Shinichi Sunami , Seigo Kikura , Akihisa Goban , Christoph Simon

We analyze elementary building blocks for quantum repeaters based on fiber channels and memory stations. Implementations are considered for three different physical platforms, for which suitable components are available: quantum dots,…

Quantum Energy Teleportation (QET) constitutes a paradigm-shifting protocol that permits the activation of local vacuum energy through the consumption of pre-existing entanglement and classical communication. Nevertheless, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 M. Y. Abd-Rabbou , Irfan Siddique , Saeed Haddadi , Cong-Feng Qiao

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the scalability challenges and opportunities in quantum communication networks, with the goal of determining parameters that impact networks most as well as the trends that appear when scaling…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Connor Howe , Mohsin Aziz , Ali Anwar

Global-scale quantum networking faces significant technical and scientific obstacles. Quantum repeaters (QRs) have been proposed to overcome the inherent direct transmission range limit through optical fibre. However, QRs are typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-08 Mustafa Gündoğan , Jasminder S. Sidhu , Markus Krutzik , Daniel K. L. Oi

The past decade has seen tremendous progress in experimentally realizing the building blocks of quantum repeaters. Repeater architectures with multiplexed quantum memories have been proposed to increase entanglement distribution rates, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-26 Yuan Lee , Eric Bersin , Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner , Dirk Englund

Long-distance quantum communication requires reliable entanglement distribution, but direct generation with protocols such as Barrett--Kok suffers from exponentially decreasing success probability with distance, making it impractical over…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Wenhan Li , Shiyu Zhang

Remote quantum entanglement can enable numerous applications including distributed quantum computation, secure communication, and precision sensing. In this paper, we consider how a quantum network-nodes equipped with limited quantum…

In the framework of cavity QED, we propose a quantum repeater scheme that uses coherent light and chains of atoms coupled to optical cavities. In contrast to conventional repeater schemes, we avoid the usage of two-qubit quantum logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-15 Denis Gonţa , Peter van Loock

With the rapid advancement of quantum information technology, quantum networks have become essential for supporting diverse applications, which often have stringent demands for key metrics such as fidelity and request completion time. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-08 Yuan Li , Chen Zhang , Hao Zhang , Tao Huang , Yunjie Liu

The communication distance of QKD is limited by exponential attenuation of photons propagating through optical fibers. However, it has been shown that introducing a quantum repeater can improve the order of the attenuation and is useful for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Kenichiro Furuta , Hirofumi Muratani , Taichi Isogai , Tomoko Yonemura

We propose an architecture of quantum-error-correction-based quantum repeaters that combines techniques used in discrete- and continuous-variable quantum information. Specifically, we propose to encode the transmitted qubits in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-24 Filip Rozpędek , Kyungjoo Noh , Qian Xu , Saikat Guha , Liang Jiang

Quantum repeaters create long-distance entanglement between quantum systems while overcoming difficulties such as the attenuation of single photons in a fiber. Recently, an implementation of a repeater protocol based on single qubits in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-03 L. Jiang , J. M. Taylor , M. D. Lukin

Academia, governments, and industry around the world are on a quest to build long-distance quantum communication networks for a future quantum internet. Using air and fiber channels, quantum communication quickly faced the daunting…

Quantum repeaters incorporating quantum memory play a pivotal role in mitigating loss in transmitted quantum information (photons) due to link attenuation over a long-distance quantum communication network. However, limited availability of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Karl C. Linne , Yuanyuan Li , Debashri Roy , Kaushik Chowdhury