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Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading global cause of mortality. Age is an important covariate whose effect is most easily investigated in a healthy cohort to properly distinguish the former from disease-related changes. Traditionally,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-23 Gabriel Ott , Yannik Schaubelt , Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz , Wilhelm Haverkamp , Nils Strodthoff

As machine learning systems increasingly inform critical decisions, the need for human-understandable explanations grows. Current evaluations of Explainable AI (XAI) often prioritize technical fidelity over cognitive accessibility which…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Tobias Labarta , Nhi Hoang , Katharina Weitz , Wojciech Samek , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Leander Weber

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having more influence on our everyday lives, it becomes important that AI-based decisions are transparent and explainable. As a consequence, the field of eXplainable AI (or XAI) has become popular in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Nils Ole Breuer , Andreas Sauter , Majid Mohammadi , Erman Acar

Counterfactual Explanations (CFEs) interpret machine learning models by identifying the smallest change to input features needed to change the model's prediction to a desired output. For classification tasks, CFEs determine how close a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Margarita A. Guerrero , Cristian R. Rojas

Advancements in deep learning have enabled highly accurate arrhythmia detection from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, but limited interpretability remains a barrier to clinical adoption. This study investigates the application of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Joschka Beck , Arlene John

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) imaging provides a comprehensive assessment of cardiac structure and function but remains constrained by high acquisition costs and reliance on expert annotations, limiting the availability of large-scale…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-11 Xiaocheng Fang , Zhengyao Ding , Guangkun Nie , Jieyi Cai , Yujie Xiao , Bo Liu , Jiarui Jin , Haoyu Wang , Shun Huang , Ting Chen , Hongyan Li , Shenda Hong

Machine learning models are increasingly used in areas such as loan approvals and hiring, yet they often function as black boxes, obscuring their decision-making processes. Transparency is crucial, and individuals need explanations to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Sopam Dasgupta , Joaquín Arias , Elmer Salazar , Gopal Gupta

There is a growing interest in understanding arguments' strength in Quantitative Bipolar Argumentation Frameworks (QBAFs). Most existing studies focus on attribution-based methods that explain an argument's strength by assigning importance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Xiang Yin , Nico Potyka , Francesca Toni

Machine learning models are widely used in real-world applications. However, their complexity makes it often challenging to interpret the rationale behind their decisions. Counterfactual explanations (CEs) have emerged as a viable solution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Muhammad Suffian , Jose M. Alonso-Moral , Alessandro Bogliolo

Wearable devices enable continuous, population-scale monitoring of physiological signals, such as photoplethysmography (PPG), creating new opportunities for data-driven clinical assessment. Time-series extrinsic regression (TSER) models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Mesut Ceylan , Alexis Tabin , Patrick Langer , Elgar Fleisch , Filipe Barata

The application of counterfactual explanation (CE) techniques in the realm of electroencephalography (EEG) classification has been relatively infrequent in contemporary research. In this study, we attempt to introduce and explore a novel…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-18 Kang Yin , Hye-Bin Shin , Hee-Dong Kim , Seong-Whan Lee

In Explainable AI (XAI), counterfactual explanations (CEs) are a well-studied method to communicate feature relevance through contrastive reasoning of "what if" to explain AI models' predictions. However, they only focus on important (i.e.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Tuc Nguyen , James Michels , Hua Shen , Thai Le

Traditional echocardiographic parameters such as ejection fraction (EF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) have limitations in the early detection of cardiac dysfunction. EF often remains normal despite underlying pathology, and GLS is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Beka Begiashvili , Carlos J. Fernandez-Candel , Matías Pérez Paredes

Counterfactual inference provides a mathematical framework for reasoning about hypothetical outcomes under alternative interventions, bridging causal reasoning and predictive modeling. We present a counterfactual inference framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jingya Cheng , Alaleh Azhir , Jiazi Tian , Hossein Estiri

Counterfactual explanations (CFE) are being widely used to explain algorithmic decisions, especially in consequential decision-making contexts (e.g., loan approval or pretrial bail). In this context, CFEs aim to provide individuals affected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Kiarash Mohammadi , Amir-Hossein Karimi , Gilles Barthe , Isabel Valera

This study presents a novel framework for counterfactual user behavior forecasting that combines structural causal models with transformer-based generative artificial intelligence. To model fictitious situations, the method creates causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Dharmateja Priyadarshi Uddandarao , Ravi Kiran Vadlamani

In recent years, latent variable models, such as the Conditional Variational Auto Encoder (CVAE), have been applied to both personalized and empathetic dialogue generation. Prior work have largely focused on generating diverse dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Jing Yang Lee , Kong Aik Lee , Woon Seng Gan

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made leapfrogs in development across all the industrial sectors especially when deep learning has been introduced. Deep learning helps to learn the behaviour of an entity through methods of recognising and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Qinghao Ye , Jun Xia , Guang Yang

We present ECG-Expert-QA, a comprehensive multimodal dataset for evaluating diagnostic capabilities in electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation. It combines real-world clinical ECG data with systematically generated synthetic cases, covering…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-08 Xu Wang , Jiaju Kang , Puyu Han , Yubao Zhao , Qian Liu , Liwenfei He , Lingqiong Zhang , Lingyun Dai , Yongcheng Wang , Jie Tao

Objective: To develop and interpret a supervised variational autoencoder (VAE) model for classifying cardiotocography (CTG) signals based on pregnancy outcomes, addressing interpretability limits of current deep learning approaches.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 John Tolladay , Beth Albert , Gabriel Davis Jones