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Large language models (LLMs) and small language models (SLMs) are being adopted at remarkable speed, although their safety still remains a serious concern. With the advent of multilingual S/LLMs, the question now becomes a matter of scale:…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to translate the technical outputs of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods into accessible natural-language explanations. However, existing approaches often lack guarantees of…

Background: Despite the current ubiquity of Large Language Models (LLMs) across the medical domain, there is a surprising lack of studies which address their reasoning behaviour. We emphasise the importance of understanding reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Shamus Sim , Tyrone Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are now routinely used to autonomously execute complex tasks, from natural language processing to dynamic workflows like web searches. The usage of tool-calling and Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) allows…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Dennis Rall , Bernhard Bauer , Mohit Mittal , Thomas Fraunholz

The volume, variety, and velocity of change in vulnerabilities and exploits have made incident threat analysis challenging with human expertise and experience along. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) are to describe how and why…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Reza Fayyazi , Shanchieh Jay Yang

Hate speech detection on social media faces challenges in both accuracy and explainability, especially for underexplored Indic languages. We propose a novel explainability-guided training framework, X-MuTeST (eXplainable Multilingual haTe…

Concerns persist regarding the capacity of Large Language Models (LLMs) to sway political views. Although prior research has claimed that LLMs are not more persuasive than standard political campaign practices, the recent rise of frontier…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Zhongren Chen , Joshua Kalla , Quan Le

The training of large language models (LLMs) on extensive, unfiltered corpora sourced from the internet is a common and advantageous practice. Consequently, LLMs have learned and inadvertently reproduced various types of biases, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Ambri Ma , Arnav Kumar , Brett Zeligson

The internet has brought both benefits and harms to society. A prime example of the latter is misinformation, including conspiracy theories, which flood the web. Recent advances in natural language processing, particularly the emergence of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Zhiwei Liu , Boyang Liu , Paul Thompson , Kailai Yang , Sophia Ananiadou

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) in customer service introduces new risks, as malicious actors can exploit them to conduct large-scale user impersonation through machine-generated text (MGT). Current MGT detection methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Angela Yifei Yuan , Haoyi Li , Soyeon Caren Han , Christopher Leckie

Online behavioural research faces an emerging threat as participants increasingly turn to large language models (LLMs) for advice, translation, or task delegation: LLM Pollution. We identify three interacting variants through which LLM…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Raluca Rilla , Tobias Werner , Hiromu Yakura , Iyad Rahwan , Anne-Marie Nussberger

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant advances in natural language processing, but their underlying mechanisms are often misunderstood. Despite exhibiting coherent answers and apparent reasoning behaviors, LLMs rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Bo Zhou , Daniel Geißler , Paul Lukowicz

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly mediate our social, cultural, and political interactions. While they can simulate some aspects of human behavior and decision-making, it is still underexplored whether repeated interactions with…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Farnoosh Hashemi , Michael W. Macy

With the continuous evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs), LLM-based agents have advanced beyond passive chatbots to become autonomous cyber entities capable of performing complex tasks, including web browsing, malicious code and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Minrui Xu , Jiani Fan , Xinyu Huang , Conghao Zhou , Jiawen Kang , Dusit Niyato , Shiwen Mao , Zhu Han , Xuemin , Shen , Kwok-Yan Lam

Automated fact-checking, using machine learning to verify claims, has grown vital as misinformation spreads beyond human fact-checking capacity. Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 are increasingly trusted to write academic papers,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Dorian Quelle , Alexandre Bovet

The dissemination of Large Language Models (LLMs), trained at scale, and endowed with powerful text-generating abilities, has made it easier for all to produce harmful, toxic, faked or forged content. In response, various proposals have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Matthieu Dubois , François Yvon , Pablo Piantanida

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly persuasive, demonstrating the ability to personalize arguments in conversation with humans by leveraging their personal data. This may have serious impacts on the scale and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Jasper Timm , Chetan Talele , Jacob Haimes

Utilizing potent representations of the large vision-language models (VLMs) to accomplish various downstream tasks has attracted increasing attention. Within this research field, soft prompt learning has become a representative approach for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Yequan Bie , Luyang Luo , Zhixuan Chen , Hao Chen

Large Language Model-driven (LLM-driven) social bots pose a growing threat to online discourse by generating human-like content that evades conventional detection. Existing methods suffer from limited detection accuracy due to overreliance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Zhongbo Wang , Zhiyu Lin , Zhu Wang , Haizhou Wang

ExaRanker recently introduced an approach to training information retrieval (IR) models, incorporating natural language explanations as additional labels. The method addresses the challenge of limited labeled examples, leading to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Fernando Ferraretto , Thiago Laitz , Roberto Lotufo , Rodrigo Nogueira