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Equilibrium propagation (EP) is a compelling alternative to the backpropagation of error algorithm (BP) for computing gradients of neural networks on biological or analog neuromorphic substrates. Still, the algorithm requires weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Axel Laborieux , Friedemann Zenke

We liberate Equilibrium Propagation (EP) from the limit of infinitesimal perturbations by establishing a finite-nudge foundation for local credit assignment. By modeling network states as Gibbs-Boltzmann distributions rather than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Elon Litman

Equilibrium propagation has been proposed as a biologically plausible alternative to the backpropagation algorithm. The local nature of gradient computations, combined with the use of convergent RNNs to reach equilibrium states, make this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Sankar Vinayak Elayedam , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan

Exact inference in the linear regression model with spike and slab priors is often intractable. Expectation propagation (EP) can be used for approximate inference. However, the regular sequential form of EP (R-EP) may fail to converge in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2011-12-13 José Miguel Hernández-Lobato , Daniel Hernández-Lobato

Binary Neural Networks (BNNs), which constrain both weights and activations to binary values, offer substantial reductions in computational complexity, memory footprint, and energy consumption. These advantages make them particularly well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Luca Colombo , Fabrizio Pittorino , Daniele Zambon , Carlo Baldassi , Manuel Roveri , Cesare Alippi

Recurrent Backpropagation and Equilibrium Propagation are supervised learning algorithms for fixed point recurrent neural networks which differ in their second phase. In the first phase, both algorithms converge to a fixed point which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-24 Benjamin Scellier , Yoshua Bengio

We propose Embedding Propagation (EP), an unsupervised learning framework for graph-structured data. EP learns vector representations of graphs by passing two types of messages between neighboring nodes. Forward messages consist of label…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-10-10 Alberto Garcia-Duran , Mathias Niepert

Physical systems that naturally perform energy descent offer a direct route to accelerating machine learning. Oscillator Ising Machines (OIMs) exemplify this idea: their GHz-frequency dynamics mirror both the optimization of energy-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Alex Gower

We introduce a principled method to train end-to-end analog neural networks by stochastic gradient descent. In these analog neural networks, the weights to be adjusted are implemented by the conductances of programmable resistive devices…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Jack Kendall , Ross Pantone , Kalpana Manickavasagam , Yoshua Bengio , Benjamin Scellier

Computing gradients of a cost function is central to design-based optimization and machine learning algorithms. Equilibrium propagation provides an exact method to compute gradients in hardware by exploiting the inherent physical laws. The…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-08-11 Marc Berneman , Daniel Hexner

Finding spike-based learning algorithms that can be implemented within the local constraints of neuromorphic systems, while achieving high accuracy, remains a formidable challenge. Equilibrium Propagation is a promising alternative to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-18 Erwann Martin , Maxence Ernoult , Jérémie Laydevant , Shuai Li , Damien Querlioz , Teodora Petrisor , Julie Grollier

Expectation propagation (EP) is a deterministic approximation algorithm that is often used to perform approximate Bayesian parameter learning. EP approximates the full intractable posterior distribution through a set of local approximations…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-11-19 Yingzhen Li , Jose Miguel Hernandez-Lobato , Richard E. Turner

Recurrent spiking neural networks (RSNNs) hold great potential for advancing artificial general intelligence, as they draw inspiration from the biological nervous system and show promise in modeling complex dynamics. However, the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Guan Wang , Yuhao Sun , Sijie Cheng , Sen Song

The biological plausibility of the backpropagation algorithm has long been doubted by neuroscientists. Two major reasons are that neurons would need to send two different types of signal in the forward and backward phases, and that pairs of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-16 Benjamin Scellier , Anirudh Goyal , Jonathan Binas , Thomas Mesnard , Yoshua Bengio

Mixed-effects regression models represent a useful subclass of regression models for grouped data; the introduction of random effects allows for the correlation between observations within each group to be conveniently captured when…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-25 Jackson Zhou , John T. Ormerod , Clara Grazian

Neuroscientists have long criticised deep learning algorithms as incompatible with current knowledge of neurobiology. We explore more biologically plausible versions of deep representation learning, focusing here mostly on unsupervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-10 Yoshua Bengio , Dong-Hyun Lee , Jorg Bornschein , Thomas Mesnard , Zhouhan Lin

Bayesian inference is a popular method to build learning algorithms but it is hampered by the fact that its key object, the posterior probability distribution, is often uncomputable. Expectation Propagation (EP) (Minka (2001)) is a popular…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-12-16 Guillaume P. Dehaene

Machine learning is a powerful method of extracting meaning from data; unfortunately, current digital hardware is extremely energy-intensive. There is interest in an alternative analog computing implementation that could match the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Jonathan Lin , Aman Desai , Frank Barrows , Francesco Caravelli

An ongoing challenge in neuromorphic computing is to devise general and computationally efficient models of inference and learning which are compatible with the spatial and temporal constraints of the brain. One increasingly popular and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-05-06 Emre Neftci , Charles Augustine , Somnath Paul , Georgios Detorakis

Efficient Balanced Networks (EBNs) are networks of spiking neurons in which excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents are balanced on a short timescale, leading to desirable coding properties such as high encoding precision, low firing…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-02-15 Julian Büchel , Jonathan Kakon , Michel Perez , Giacomo Indiveri