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The rise of misinformation underscores the need for scalable and reliable fact-checking solutions. Large language models (LLMs) hold promise in automating fact verification, yet their effectiveness across global contexts remains uncertain.…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Ihsan A. Qazi , Zohaib Khan , Abdullah Ghani , Agha A. Raza , Zafar A. Qazi , Wassay Sajjad , Ayesha Ali , Asher Javaid , Muhammad Abdullah Sohail , Abdul H. Azeemi

Large Language Models (LLMs) can exhibit latent biases towards specific nationalities even when explicit demographic markers are not present. In this work, we introduce a novel name-based benchmarking approach derived from the Bias…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Giulio Pelosio , Devesh Batra , Noémie Bovey , Robert Hankache , Cristovao Iglesias , Greig Cowan , Raad Khraishi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained primarily on minimally processed web text, which exhibits the same wide range of social biases held by the humans who created that content. Consequently, text generated by LLMs can inadvertently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Harnoor Dhingra , Preetiha Jayashanker , Sayali Moghe , Emma Strubell

Current social bias benchmarks for Large Language Models (LLMs) primarily rely on predefined question formats like multiple-choice, limiting their ability to reflect the complexity and open-ended nature of real-world interactions. To close…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Zhao Liu , Tian Xie , Xueru Zhang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) transition from standalone chat interfaces to foundational reasoning layers in multi-agent systems and recursive evaluation loops (LLM-as-a-judge), the detection of durable, provider-level behavioral…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Dusan Bosnjakovic

Existing benchmarks evaluating biases in large language models (LLMs) primarily rely on explicit cues, declaring protected attributes like religion, race, gender by name. However, real-world interactions often contain implicit biases,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Aarushi Wagh , Saniya Srivastava

Social intelligence is essential for understanding and reasoning about human expressions, intents and interactions. One representative benchmark for its study is Social Intelligence Queries (Social-IQ), a dataset of multiple-choice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Xiao-Yu Guo , Yuan-Fang Li , Gholamreza Haffari

As large language models (LLMs) become integral to recruitment processes, concerns about AI-induced bias have intensified. This study examines biases in candidate interview reports generated by Claude 3.5 Sonnet, GPT-4o, Gemini 1.5, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Django Beatty , Kritsada Masanthia , Teepakorn Kaphol , Niphan Sethi

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly power decision-making systems across critical domains, understanding and mitigating their biases becomes essential for responsible AI deployment. Although bias assessment frameworks have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Divyanshu Kumar , Ishita Gupta , Nitin Aravind Birur , Tanay Baswa , Sahil Agarwal , Prashanth Harshangi

Mitigating social bias in large language models (LLMs) has become an increasingly important research objective. However, existing debiasing methods often incur high human and computational costs, exhibit limited effectiveness, and struggle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Xiaoqing Cheng , Ruizhe Chen , Hongying Zan , Yuxiang Jia , Min Peng

Beliefs shape how people reason, communicate, and behave. Rather than existing in isolation, they exhibit a rich correlational structure--some connected through logical dependencies, others through indirect associations or social processes.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Joseph Malone , Rachith Aiyappa , Byunghwee Lee , Haewoon Kwak , Jisun An , Yong-Yeol Ahn

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used not only to generate text but also to evaluate it, raising urgent questions about whether their judgments are consistent, unbiased, and robust to framing effects. In this study, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Federico Germani , Giovanni Spitale

State-of-the-art question answering (QA) models exhibit a variety of social biases (e.g., with respect to sex or race), generally explained by similar issues in their training data. However, what has been overlooked so far is that in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Sagi Shaier , Kevin Bennett , Lawrence Hunter , Katharina von der Wense

Drawing parallels between human cognition and artificial intelligence, we explored how large language models (LLMs) internalize identities imposed by targeted prompts. Informed by Social Identity Theory, these identity assignments lead LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Wenchao Dong , Assem Zhunis , Dongyoung Jeong , Hyojin Chin , Jiyoung Han , Meeyoung Cha

Large Language Models (LLMs) can infer sensitive attributes such as gender or age from indirect cues like names and pronouns, potentially biasing recommendations. While several debiasing methods exist, they require access to the LLMs'…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Mihaela Rotar , Theresia Veronika Rampisela , Maria Maistro

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in socially sensitive settings, raising concerns about fairness and biases, particularly across intersectional demographic attributes. In this paper, we systematically evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Chaima Boufaied , Ronnie De Souza Santos , Ann Barcomb

Large language models (LLMs) are commonly evaluated for political bias based on their responses to fixed questionnaires, which typically place frontier models on the political left. A parallel literature shows that LLMs are sycophantic:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Petter Törnberg , Michelle Schimmel

Improvements in model construction, including fortified safety guardrails, allow Large language models (LLMs) to increasingly pass standard safety checks. However, LLMs sometimes slip into revealing harmful behavior, such as expressing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Nafiseh Nikeghbal , Amir Hossein Kargaran , Jana Diesner

Recent work has indicated that many natural language understanding and reasoning datasets contain statistical cues that may be taken advantaged of by NLP models whose capability may thus be grossly overestimated. To discover the potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Shanshan Huang , Kenny Q. Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) may not equitably represent diverse global perspectives on societal issues. In this paper, we develop a quantitative framework to evaluate whose opinions model-generated responses are more similar to. We first…