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The expected improvement (EI) algorithm is one of the most popular strategies for optimization under uncertainty due to its simplicity and efficiency. Despite its popularity, the theoretical aspects of this algorithm have not been properly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hung Tran-The , Sunil Gupta , Santu Rana , Svetha Venkatesh

Expected improvement (EI) is one of the most widely used acquisition functions in Bayesian optimization (BO). Despite its proven success in applications for decades, important open questions remain on the theoretical convergence behaviors…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-13 Jingyi Wang , Haowei Wang , Nai-Yuan Chiang , Cosmin G. Petra

The expected improvement (EI) is one of the most popular acquisition functions for Bayesian optimization (BO) and has demonstrated good empirical performances in many applications for the minimization of simple regret. However, under the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Shouri Hu , Haowei Wang , Zhongxiang Dai , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low , Szu Hui Ng

Sequential maximization of expected improvement (EI) is one of the most widely used policies in Bayesian optimization because of its simplicity and ability to handle noisy observations. In particular, the improvement function often uses the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Han Zhou , Xingchen Ma , Matthew B Blaschko

Bayesian optimization (BO) with Gaussian process (GP) surrogate models is a powerful black-box optimization method. Acquisition functions are a critical part of a BO algorithm as they determine how the new samples are selected. Some of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Jingyi Wang , Haowei Wang , Cosmin G. Petra , Nai-Yuan Chiang

Bayesian optimization is a powerful tool for optimizing an expensive-to-evaluate black-box function. In particular, the effectiveness of expected improvement (EI) has been demonstrated in a wide range of applications. However, theoretical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-01 Shion Takeno , Yu Inatsu , Masayuki Karasuyama , Ichiro Takeuchi

Gaussian process upper confidence bound (GP-UCB) is a theoretically established algorithm for Bayesian optimization (BO), where we assume the objective function $f$ follows a GP. One notable drawback of GP-UCB is that the theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Shion Takeno , Yu Inatsu , Masayuki Karasuyama

Efficient global optimization (EGO) is one of the most widely used noise-free Bayesian optimization algorithms.It comprises the Gaussian process (GP) surrogate model and expected improvement (EI) acquisition function. In practice, when EGO…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-27 Jingyi Wang , Haowei Wang , Nai-Yuan Chiang , Juliane Mueller , Tucker Hartland , Cosmin G. Petra

This paper addresses the Bayesian optimization problem (also referred to as the Bayesian setting of the Gaussian process bandit), where the learner seeks to minimize the regret under a function drawn from a known Gaussian process (GP).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Shogo Iwazaki

Bayesian optimization (BO) iteratively fits a Gaussian process (GP) surrogate to accumulated evaluations and selects new queries via an acquisition function such as expected improvement (EI). In practice, BO often concentrates evaluations…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-13 Jiguang Li , Hengrui Luo

Constrained Bayesian optimization (CBO) methods have seen significant success in black-box optimization with constraints. One of the most commonly used CBO methods is the constrained expected improvement (CEI) algorithm. CEI is a natural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-13 Haowei Wang , Jingyi Wang , Zhongxiang Dai , Nai-Yuan Chiang , Szu Hui Ng , Cosmin G. Petra

Bayesian optimization usually assumes that a Bayesian prior is given. However, the strong theoretical guarantees in Bayesian optimization are often regrettably compromised in practice because of unknown parameters in the prior. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-26 Zi Wang , Beomjoon Kim , Leslie Pack Kaelbling

Bayesian optimisation (BO) uses probabilistic surrogate models - usually Gaussian processes (GPs) - for the optimisation of expensive black-box functions. At each BO iteration, the GP hyperparameters are fit to previously-evaluated data by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-04 George De Ath , Richard Everson , Jonathan Fieldsend

In this paper, we analyze a generic algorithm scheme for sequential global optimization using Gaussian processes. The upper bounds we derive on the cumulative regret for this generic algorithm improve by an exponential factor the previously…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-06-09 Emile Contal , Vianney Perchet , Nicolas Vayatis

Bayesian optimization is a framework for global search via maximum a posteriori updates rather than simulated annealing, and has gained prominence for decision-making under uncertainty. In this work, we cast Bayesian optimization as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Amrit Singh Bedi , Dheeraj Peddireddy , Vaneet Aggarwal , Brian M. Sadler , Alec Koppel

Many applications require optimizing an unknown, noisy function that is expensive to evaluate. We formalize this task as a multi-armed bandit problem, where the payoff function is either sampled from a Gaussian process (GP) or has low RKHS…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-13 Niranjan Srinivas , Andreas Krause , Sham M. Kakade , Matthias Seeger

Consider the sequential optimization of an expensive to evaluate and possibly non-convex objective function $f$ from noisy feedback, that can be considered as a continuum-armed bandit problem. Upper bounds on the regret performance of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-11 Sattar Vakili , Kia Khezeli , Victor Picheny

We study a widely used Bayesian optimization method, Gaussian process Thompson sampling (GP-TS), under the assumption that the objective function is a sample path from a GP. Compared with the GP upper confidence bound (GP-UCB) with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-11 Shion Takeno , Shogo Iwazaki

The expected improvement (EI) algorithm is a popular strategy for information collection in optimization under uncertainty. The algorithm is widely known to be too greedy, but nevertheless enjoys wide use due to its simplicity and ability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-30 Chao Qin , Diego Klabjan , Daniel Russo

Belonging to the family of Bayesian nonparametrics, Gaussian process (GP) based approaches have well-documented merits not only in learning over a rich class of nonlinear functions, but also in quantifying the associated uncertainty.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-14 Qin Lu , Georgios V. Karanikolas , Georgios B. Giannakis
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