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Test-time adaptation (TTA) has recently emerged as a promising approach for improving time series forecasting (TSF) under distribution shift. Existing TSF-TTA methods differ in how they utilize revealed targets, yet the resulting adaptation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haochun Wang , Ruichen Xu , Georgios Kementzidis , Karen Cho , Sebastian Ramirez Villarreal , Yuefan Deng

Tabular data plays a vital role in various real-world scenarios and finds extensive applications. Although recent deep tabular models have shown remarkable success, they still struggle to handle data distribution shifts, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Zhi Zhou , Kun-Yang Yu , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) adjusts models using unlabeled test data to handle dynamic distribution shifts. However, existing methods rely on frequent adaptation and high computational cost, making them unsuitable for resource-constrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Hyeongheon Cha , Dong Min Kim , Hye Won Chung , Taesik Gong , Sung-Ju Lee

Deep learning models perform poorly when domain shifts exist between training and test data. Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a paradigm to mitigate this issue by adapting pre-trained models using only unlabeled test samples. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Junsu Kim , Jinwoo Shin , Taesik Gong , Sung-Ju Lee

Test-time adaptation is a promising research direction that allows the source model to adapt itself to changes in data distribution without any supervision. Yet, current methods are usually evaluated on benchmarks that are only a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Damian Sójka , Sebastian Cygert , Bartłomiej Twardowski , Tomasz Trzciński

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to empower perception systems to handle dynamic distribution shifts encountered after deployment. Existing methods predominantly follow a backward-alignment paradigm, which rigidly aligns incoming…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhilin Zhu , Yabin Wang , Zhiheng Ma , Yaguang Song , Yaowei Wang , Xiaopeng Hong

Fully Test-Time Adaptation (TTA), which aims at adapting models to data drifts, has recently attracted wide interest. Numerous tricks and techniques have been proposed to ensure robust learning on arbitrary streams of unlabeled data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Saypraseuth Mounsaveng , Florent Chiaroni , Malik Boudiaf , Marco Pedersoli , Ismail Ben Ayed

In Test-time Adaptation (TTA), given a source model, the goal is to adapt it to make better predictions for test instances from a different distribution than the source. Crucially, TTA assumes no access to the source data or even any…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Ansh Khurana , Sujoy Paul , Piyush Rai , Soma Biswas , Gaurav Aggarwal

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt models to maintain reliable performance on non-stationary test streams without requiring labeled data. Despite its empirical success, the learnability of TTA under non-stationary streams remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhi Zhou , Ming Yang , Shi-Yu Tian , Kun-Yang Yu , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

Vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP and Grounding DINO have achieved remarkable success in object recognition and detection. However, their performance often degrades under real-world distribution shifts. Test-time adaptation (TTA)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Lihua Zhou , Mao Ye , Shuaifeng Li , Nianxin Li , Jinlin Wu , Xiatian Zhu , Lei Deng , Hongbin Liu , Jiebo Luo , Zhen Lei

Visual-language models (VLMs) like CLIP exhibit strong generalization but struggle with distribution shifts at test time. Existing training-free test-time adaptation (TTA) methods operate strictly within CLIP's original feature space,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Jizhou Han , Chenhao Ding , SongLin Dong , Yuhang He , Xinyuan Gao , Yihong Gong

Vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP achieve strong zero-shot recognition but degrade significantly under \textit{temporally evolving distribution shifts} common in real-world scenarios (e.g., gradual illumination or seasonal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Shuang Cui , Jinglin Xu , Yi Li , Xiongxin Tang , Jiangmeng Li , Jiahuan Zhou , Fanjiang Xu , Fuchun Sun , Hui Xiong

Test time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt deep neural networks when receiving out of distribution test domain samples. In this setting, the model can only access online unlabeled test samples and pre-trained models on the training domains.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Shuai Wang , Daoan Zhang , Zipei Yan , Jianguo Zhang , Rui Li

Test-time adaptation (TTA) enhances model robustness by enabling adaptation to target distributions that differ from training distributions, improving real-world generalizability. However, most existing TTA approaches focus on adjusting the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yewon Han , Seoyun Yang , Taesup Kim

Since autonomous driving systems usually face dynamic and ever-changing environments, continual test-time adaptation (CTTA) has been proposed as a strategy for transferring deployed models to continually changing target domains. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Jiayi Ni , Senqiao Yang , Ran Xu , Jiaming Liu , Xiaoqi Li , Wenyu Jiao , Zehui Chen , Yi Liu , Shanghang Zhang

Electroencephalography (EEG) foundation models have shown strong potential for learning generalizable representations from large-scale neural data, yet their clinical deployment is hindered by distribution shifts across clinical settings,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Gabriel Jason Lee , Jathurshan Pradeepkumar , Jimeng Sun

Pretrained vision-language models (VLMs) like CLIP show strong zero-shot performance but struggle with generalization under distribution shifts. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adapting VLMs to unlabeled test data in new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Hamidreza Dastmalchi , Aijun An , Ali cheraghian

Currently, pre-trained language models (PLMs) do not cope well with the distribution shift problem, resulting in models trained on the training set failing in real test scenarios. To address this problem, the test-time adaptation (TTA)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Yi Su , Yixin Ji , Juntao Li , Hai Ye , Min Zhang

Given the inevitability of domain shifts during inference in real-world applications, test-time adaptation (TTA) is essential for model adaptation after deployment. However, the real-world scenario of continuously changing target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Junyoung Park , Jin Kim , Hyeongjun Kwon , Ilhoon Yoon , Kwanghoon Sohn

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adapting a classifier for the test data when the probability distribution of the test data slightly differs from that of the training data of the model. To the best of our knowledge, most of the existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Sravan Danda , Aditya Challa , Shlok Mehendale , Snehanshu Saha